Tarasque

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Mythological creature from French mythology

title: "Tarasque" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["bouches-du-rhône", "christian-folklore", "christian-legendary-creatures", "european-dragons", "french-legendary-creatures", "mythological-hybrids", "masterpieces-of-the-oral-and-intangible-heritage-of-humanity"] description: "Mythological creature from French mythology" topic_path: "philosophy" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarasque" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Mythological creature from French mythology ::

::callout[type=note] the legendary creature ::

The Tarasque () is a creature from French mythology. According to the Golden Legend, the beast had a lion-like head, a body protected by turtle-like carapace(s), six feet with bear-like claws, a serpent's tail, and could expel a poisonous breath.

Medieval iconography such as renditions in church sculpture did not necessarily conform to this description in the earlier Gothic period, and examples which seemed to were assigned later, in the 14th century. The six-footed, turtle-shelled tarasque was the form depicted on the city seal of Tarascon around the 15th century, and this held to be the norm in 16th- and 17th-century paintings. As St. Martha purportedly encountered the beast in the act of swallowing a human victim, it has become a stock motif in art to portray the monster swallowing a human (e.g. head first, with the victim's legs still dangling).

According to tradition, in 1474, René of Anjou initiated the use of the tarasque in the Pentecostal festival, and later used also on the saint's feast day of July 29. Yearly celebration in the last weekend of June was added in the modern day. The effigy or float () of the tarasque has been built over the years for parading through town for the occasion, carried by four to a dozen men concealed inside.

Legend

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| image1 =Jacques de Voragine.jpg | alt1 = St. Martha and tarasque | caption1 = St. Martha and the tarasque, Legenda aurea

| image2 = Abellon-Mag2.jpg | alt2 = St. Martha and tarasque | caption2 = St. Martha and the Tarasque

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| align = right | total_width =480

| image1 =BnF-la10491-fol219-St Marthe&tarasque.jpg | alt1 = St. Martha and tarasque | caption1 = St. Martha and tarasque, Diurnal of René II of Lorraine{{right|{{small|—c.1492/93 by . BnF ms. Latin 10491}}}}

| image2 = Taming the Tarasque, from Hours of Henry VIII.jpg | alt2 = St. Martha clearly holding an aspergillum and bucket, with tarasque | caption2 = St. Martha and tarasque, Hours of Henry VIII

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The legend of the Tarasque probably arose in Provence, France, from early to late 12th century. The legend is recorded in several sources, but especially in the story of St. Martha in the Golden Legend (Legenda aurea), which was "the most influential".

Legenda aurea

In Provence, France, the monster allegedly inhabited the forested banks of the Rhône between Arles and Avignon, around what is now the town Tarascon (then called Nerluc or 'black place'), but lurked in the river and attacked the men trying to cross it, sinking boats. The creature was described a dragon, half animal, half fish, thicker than an ox, longer than a horse, with "sword-like teeth".

The Tarasque () was said to have come from Galatia, a cross-breed between the biblical Leviathan and the legendary Onachus (or onacho, or bonacho) of Galatia, this onachus being a creature that retaliated against pursuers by flinging its dung () like an arrow, and causing burns. The people besought Saint Martha for help, and she found the creature in the act of devouring a man. Merely by sprinkling holy water and holding up the cross, she caused the creature to become submissive and obedient. She then tied her girdle (to its neck), leading the beast to the villagers who cast rocks and spears at it until it died.

Other sources

The account of St. Martha and the tarasque in the Golden Legend ("LA") roughly correspond to the versions of the legend found in the pseudo-Marcella ("V"), and in Vincent de Beauvais's Speculum historiale ("SH"). are near contemporaneous works (late 12th and 13th century), with the pseudo-Marcella probably being the oldest, and dating "between 1187 and 1212 or 1221". The three texts LA, SH, and V are similar in content with only modest variations.

There is also a fourth variant Latin account, a "Life of St. Mary Magdalene and her sister St. Martha" (Vita Beatae Mariae Magdalenae et sororis ejus Sanctae Marthae) with somewhat divergent content from the other three, whose authorship had formerly been credited to Raban Maur (d. 856 AD), or as late as the second half of the 13th century. The work is referred to as the "pseudo-Raban" by Louis Dumont and others.

There is also a brief notice on the tarasque which occurs in Gervase of Tilbury (Gervais de Tilbury). Gervase assigns the habitat of the tarasque () to be an abyss near the city-gates of Arles and the rock/cliff beneath the castle/fort at Tarascon.

Description

| align = right | total_width =480

| image1 =TarasqueStatue.jpg | alt1 = Tarasque sculputre near King René's castle in Tarascon | caption1 = The Tarasque, near King René's castle in Tarascon

| image2 = Antiquites de Lyon etc-fol48r-tarasque.jpg | alt2 = Tarasque illustration in pen and ink, 16th century book by Pierre Sala | caption2 = Tarasque. From 's * Antiquités de Lyon* (16c.)

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As for the description of the tarasque's physical appearance given in the Legenda aurea, it is given a somewhat dissimilar treatment in the corresponding passage in the c. 1200 pseudo-Marcella: |draco ingens, medius animal terrestre, medius piscis . . . et erat grossior bove, longior equo, os et caput habens leoninum, dentes ut spata acutos, comas equinas, dorsum acutum ut dolabrum, squamas hirsutas ut taravos scindentes, senos pedes et ungues ursinas, caudam vipeream, binis parmis ut tortua utraque parte munitus. | A huge dragon, half animal, half fish ... fatter than a bull, longer than a horse, it had the face and head of a lion, teeth sharp as swords, the mane of a horse, a back that was hatchet-sharp with bristly scales keen as augers, six feet with bear-like claws, the tail of a serpent, and a double shield/carapace, like a tortoise's, on each side.

This description is said to "correspond rather closely" to 17th and 18th century iconography in paintings and woodcuts and to the modern-day effigy. Even the turtle-like carapaces ( "shields") is attested in this c. 1200 piece of writing, even though some commentators ventured it to be a 15th-century addition, created out of expedience to conceal the men carrying the beast's effigy paraded through town for the Pentecostal festivities.

The head has later been described as being similar to a bull and a lion

Tail

The "tail of a serpent" detail is given in both the Pseudo-Marcella and the Speculum Historiale. The tail was "long and ringed and looked considerably like that of the scorpion" in a lost sculpture on a face of an old church (Église Sainte-Marthe de Tarascon) according to surgeon-author . It is a ringed tail, and does turns upright as can be verified in facsimile sketch of the sculpture printed by Faillon. Some modern-day authors have gone a step further, claiming the tarasque's tail ended in a scorpion sting. Or rather, the tail terminated in a (cock's) according to writer Jean-Paul Clébert. There has also been past comment that the tail should end in an arrowhead's shape, according to tradition.

Poison breath

The pseudo-Raban speaks at length of the poisonous fumes exhaled by the tarasque:

|draco terribilis oberrabat, incredibilis longitudinis, et magnae molis; fumum pestiferum flatu, scintillas sulphureas oculis, sibilos stridentes ore, rugitusque horribiles aduncatis dentibus, proferens; quidquid incidisset in eum ungulis et dente dilanians; quidquid propius accessisset anhelitus sui fetore mortificans. | ... terrible dragon of unbelievable length and great bulk. It breathed out poisonous fumes, shot sulfurous flames from its eyes, and emitted fierce hissings with its mouth and horrible noises with its curved teeth. With its talons and teeth it tore to pieces anyone who crossed its path; with its poisonous breath it killed anyone who came too near.

Rather than its eyes literally shooting flames, some French sources take it to be a figure of speech, that "its eyes glare sulfurously".{{Refn|, translation of French local historian Jean Paul Nourri (1973), pp. 52–53, who gives "les yeux des étincelles sulfureuses".{{efn|Although Migne notes a passage in the Book of Wisdom (Sap. XI:18–19) for comparison which states that God's hand did not lack the means to send to sinners "a multitude of bears or bold lions,/ Or new-created wild beasts.. blowing out a fire-breathing blast, / Or mouthing out roarings of smoke, /Or flashing dreadful sparks from their eyes".

Medieval depictions

| align = right | total_width = 440

| image1 = Faillon(1835)-p016-pl1-nocaption.jpg | alt1 = Tarasque on the city seal of Tarascon, 11, 12, 13th centuries (?) | caption1 = A dragon-like tarasque on the seal of Tarascon, 11th and 12th centuries

| image2 = Faillon(1835)-p016-pl2-nocaption.jpg | alt2 = Tarasque on a coin struck under King René's rule | caption2 = A crocodile-like tarasque, coin during King René's reign

| image3 = Faillon(1835)-p016-pl4-nocaption.jpg | alt3 = Tarasque on the greater seal of the city of Tarascon, 15th century | caption3 = Tarasque on the greater seal of the city of Tarascon, 15th century

| image4 = Faillon(1835)-p016-pl3-nocaption.jpg | alt4 = Tarasque on the lesser seal of the city of Tarascon, 15th century | caption4 = A tarasque, lesser seal of the city of Tarascon, 15th century. Labeled "TARAS" underneath | footer =

Heraldry and numismatics

The Tarasque is featured on the coat of arms of Tarascon, and here too, the beast/dragon is depicted as devouring a human, The later design of the seal depicting the tarasque with a (turtle-like) carapace appeared in the 15th century.

Later design of the city seal distinctly shows the tarasque swallowing a human. In the language of heraldry, the coat of arms has been described as featuring "below [the castle with crenelated towers argent] a dragon of sinople devouring a man and covered with scales of gold".

Illuminated manuscripts

In late medieval manuscripts, the monster is often depicted devouring people.

Architecture

| align = right | total_width =300 | image1 = Faillon(1818)-t1p1009-marthe&tarasque-eglise-tarascon.png | alt1 = Facsimile of the drawing of the lost sculpture at the church of Martha at Tarascon | caption1 = Lost sculpture at Église Sainte-Marthe de Tarascon | image2 = Caneto(1860)-pl1-Ste Marthe et la tarasque.png | alt2 = Martha and Tarasque sculpture at the cathedral in Auch | caption2 = Martha and Tarasque sculpture, Auch.

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There are also depictions in architecture.

The aforementioned sculpture once incorporated into the right side exterior of Église Sainte-Marthe de Tarascon purportedly dated to the 11th century, and counted as the oldest representation recorded. This sculpture of the tarasque depicted the beast in the act of devouring a human, in typical fashion. This tarasque was a quadruped that bore close resemblance to the beast trodden underfoot by St. Martha in the paneling sculpture of the choir stalls at Cathédrale Sainte-Marie d'Auch, according to Abbé François Canéto. It depicts the monster that has (already swallowed the child head first), with the pair of the child's legs still showing between its lips.

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| image1 = Montmajour Tarasque.JPG | alt1 = Carving of tarasque | caption1 = Tarasque devouring a man.

| image2 = Media STT 20091022 133649 med.jpg | alt2 = Another carving of tarasque on a 14c. column capital | caption2 = Column capital.

| footer = Another example is the carving of a The tarasque in the Montmajour Abbey near Arles.

Yet another is carved in the capital column of the Church of St. Trophime (Église Métropolitaine de Saint-Trophime) in Arles, dating to the mid-14th century, though earlier commentators, such as Faillon who supplied detailed drawings of the capital, considered it to be an example of early Gothic art from the 11th century.

Festivities

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| image1 = Dessin de Conrad Mouren.jpg | alt1 = Tarasque effigy drawing by Conrad Mouren, late 18th century | caption1 = Tarasque effigy, illustration by Conrad Mouren, late 18th century

| image2 = Desanat(1846)-p000-frontispiece.jpg | alt2 = Tarasque of Tarascon, 1846 drawing | caption2 = Tarasque effigy of Tarascon, 1846 illustration

| footer = | align = right | total_width =480

| image1 = CP Tarasque de Tarascon.jpg | alt1 = Tarasque of Tarascon, 20th century photo | caption1 =Tarasque effigy of Tarascon, early 20th century photograph

| image2 = Gostling(1911)-p171-tarasque (cropped).jpg | alt2 = Tarasque with open mouth, 20th century photo | caption2 = With mouth open, early 20th century photograph

| footer = ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Museon_Arlaten_intérieur112.jpg" caption="''Tarascaïre'' costume in [[Museon Arlaten]]."] ::

The festival of the tarasque was initiated on April 14, 1474, during Pentecost in Tarascon, at the behest of René of Anjou, in order to amuse his citizens with a reenactment of St. Martha's miracle. Later, a second festival was held on 29 July, the feast-day of Saint Martha.

In former days, the effigy of the tarasque was paraded through the streets twice a year, and a maiden portraying St. Martha escorting the tarasque held it by the leash (or a white ribbon) in one hand.

In the modern day (post-World War II), the festival came to be held annually on the last Sunday of June, to tell the tale of the Tarasque, as well as Tartarin, the main character of Alphonse Daudet's Tartarin of Tarascon.

19th century descriptions

The tarasque paraded through the streets once changed from a wooden prop painted green to a metallic contraption in the early 19th century. Aubin-Louis Millin (1808) described the tarasque effigy as wooden, and consisting of hoops covered in painted cloth. German writer Christian Friedrich Mylius (1818) elaborated that "Every year on the 2nd day of Pentecost, a grotesque wooden likeness of the dragon, or the Tarasque, is carried through the city; it resembles a turtle; it consists of a wooden framework covered with wax canvas,{{efn|Or calico. A tarasque used in the jeu de tarasque during the Pentecostal festival is described by the Count of Villeneuve in 1826, as an effigy of a "monstrous dragon, whose torso is assembled from hoops covered with a painted sheet metal, and whose back is made using a huge shield to imitate a turtle's carapace. The paws are clawed, the tail scaly and several times curved, the head is like a bull and a lion. A gaping mouth reveals several rows of teeth".

The wooden hull described in 1818 required eight men to carry, and the one in 1861 needed six men.

The head could be manipulated by a person inside, making the effigy's jaws open or close; from out of its nostrils fuses or rockets were made to poke out and ignited so it issued fiery sparks.

During the festival, while the huge effigy of the Tarasque is carried through the streets, there are shouted the traditional cries for the tarasco in a popular song attributed to King René of Anjou:

|Lagadigadèu, la Tarasco, la Tarasco Lagadigadèu, la Tarasco dóu castèu Leissas-la passa la vièio masco, Leissas-la passa que vai dansa. |Lagadigadèu, The tarasque, The tarasque Lagadigadèu, The tarasque of the Chateau Let her go by, The old witch Let her go by, For she's going to dance!}}

It later became established that the jeu de Tarasque would commence at Pentecost and continue to the feast day of Saint Martha on July 29, or the festival was held on those two days as two acts.

Modern-day effigy

By the 20th century, the tarasque effigy used in Tarascon was mounted on a wheeled cart, which are dragged or pulled by persons known as Tarascaïres, and these attendants of the tarasque could intermittently break off and engage in dance (farandole).

Dates of observation

In the past, the festivals were only held sporadically in a major way, e.g., in the years 1846, 1861, 1891 and 1946 but since 1946 they have become a yearly event and tourist attraction.

In the gap years (first half of the 20th century) when the jeu de Tarasque was in hiatus, different authorities were claiming different weeks and weekdays around Pentecost Sunday for the proper day for the ceremony, according to Eliza Gutch (d. 1931)'s paper, published posthumously.

A tarasque feast was held on a non-traditional day on 23 June 1946 in Tarascon, for practical reasons. Subsequently, the holding of the tarasque festival in this last Sunday or weekend of June became annually recurrent.

The Tarasque was designated one of "Processional Giants and Dragons in Belgium and France" listed in November 2005 as part of UNESCO's Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.

In Spain

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Tarasca.jpg" caption="Tarasque at a Corpus Christi procession in Valencia"] ::

The Tarasca (Spanish for Tarasque) is one of the statues of the Corpus Christi procession, paraded through a number of Spanish cities, and elsewhere throughout the Iberian peninsula, for example, the cities of Granada, Toledo, and Valencia, and the city of Madrid.

The first record of the tarasca legend in the peninsula comes from Seville in the year 1282, shortly after the reconquista of the city in the mid-13th century.

The Spanish version is tinged with misogynistic elements, or rather repudiations against biblical and historical temptresses, with statues and statuettes of such female figures (called "tarasquillas") surmounted on top of the tarasca dragon. The figure atop the Granada dragon is a life-size doll resembling a retail store mannequin, and the tiny blonde-hair figurine set atop the papier-mâché tarasca of Toledo is supposed to represent Anne Boleyn.

Historically in the city of Seville, it was originally a young boy called a tarasquillo (rather than a modeled figure) who was seated atop the processional dragon. But in 1637 the boy was replaced by a well-adorned woman, and in 1639 it was prescribed that she should be an ugly old woman.

The word tarasca has entered the Spanish vocabulary in the sense of an ill-natured woman, or a "hussy".

Theories

Celtic origin hypothesis

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Tarasque_de_Noves_(profil_-_époque_incertaine).png" caption="[[Tarasque de Noves]], dated to 3rd to 1st century B.C."] ::

A pre-Christian Celtic origin for the legend has been proposed, and endorsed by some writers.

French archeologist Isidore Gilles proposed the pre-Christian pagan origins for the legend of the tarasque, and connected with the so-called "tarasque of Noves", unearthed at the village Noves, once called "Tarasconnet". The find was a stone statue of a sharp-toothed chimeric beast with a scaly back, "crunching a human arm in its mouth". Gilles postulated this was a Celtic deified beast to which human sacrifices were offered.

Gilles's theory was embraced by the Provençal poet Frederic Mistral, and Dumont was disinclined to dismiss Mistral's belief altogether. French scholar also states that the Saint Martha legend is undoubtedly "superimposed on old beliefs of Celtic paganism".

Parallels

Parallels have been drawn with the French legends of the Graouilli in Metz, and the Gargouille of Rouen defeated by St. Romanus.

A legendary dragon or dragon-like marine creature reported to have appeared in Vietnam's Halong Bay has been called the "Tarasque" after the famed creature of Tarascon.

Commemorations

The Tarasque was designated one of "Processional Giants and Dragons in Belgium and France" listed in November 2005 as part of UNESCO's Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.

Explanatory notes

References

Citations

Works cited

Alt URL
; CITEREFFaillon1848Volume 2 (1848);
{{cite book|last=Gueusquin |first=Marie-France |author-link= |others=Monique Mestayer |title=Cités en fête: Musée national des arts et traditions populaires, 24 novembre 1992-19 avril 1993 |location=Paris |publisher=Éd. de la Réunion des musées nationaux |year=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjPgAAAAMAAJ&q=%22tarasque%22+%22juin%22+dernier |page=95 |isbn=9782711827138 |language=fr}}
(translation)
; copy via Google

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