Tahōtō

---

title: "Tahōtō" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["pagodas-in-japan", "japanese-architectural-history", "buddhism-in-the-heian-period"] description: "Form of Japanese pagoda" topic_path: "history" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahōtō" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Form of Japanese pagoda ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Ishiyamadera29n4272.jpg" caption="National Treasure]]; distinctive features are the square base; [[stupa]] mound; [[mokoshi]] or lower 'skirt' roof; upper pyramidal roof; and ''[[sōrin]]'' or [[finial"] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Houtou_-_Ankokuron-ji.jpg" caption="A ''hōtō''"] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Negoroji-daitou-flooplan.svg" caption="bays]] on each side rather than three"] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Ryukoji03.jpg" caption="Ryūkō-ji]], [[Kanagawa Prefecture]]; without a protective roof, the [[plaster]] weathers rapidly"] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Sagamiji04s3200.jpg" caption="Four-stepped brackets]] at [[Sagami-ji]], [[Hyōgo Prefecture"] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Iwawakiji_tahoto_sorin.jpg" caption="jewel"] ::

A tahōtō is a form of Japanese pagoda found primarily at Esoteric Shingon and Tendai school Buddhist temples. It is unique among pagodas because it has an even number of stories (two). (The second story has a balustrade and seems habitable, but is nonetheless inaccessible and offers no usable space.) Its name alludes to Tahō Nyorai, who appears seated in a many-jewelled pagoda in the eleventh chapter of the Lotus Sutra. With square lower and cylindrical upper parts, a mokoshi 'skirt roof', a pyramidal roof, and a finial, the tahōtō or the larger daitō was one of the seven halls of a Shingon temple. After the Heian period, the construction of pagodas in general declined, and new tahōtō became rare. Six examples, of which that at Ishiyama-dera (1194) is the earliest, have been designated National Treasures. There are no examples in China, whether architectural or pictorial, of anything that resembles the tahōtō, although there is a Song dynasty textual reference to a tahōtō with an encircling chamber.

Hōtō

The hōtō or treasure pagoda is the ancestor of the tahōtō and dates to the introduction to Japan of Shingon and Tendai Buddhism in the ninth century. No wooden hōtō has survived, although modern copies do exist. They are usually made from stone, bronze, or iron, and specimens are always miniatures comprising a foundation stone, barrel-shaped body, pyramid roof, and a finial.

Daitō

While the tahōtō is 3x3 ken (bays), a larger 5x5 ken version exists, known as daitō or 'large pagoda'. This is the only type of tahōtō to retain the original structure with a row of pillars or a wall separating the corridor (hisashi) from the core of the structure, abolished in smaller pagodas. Daitō used to be common but, of all those ever built, only a few are still extant. One is at Wakayama prefecture's Negoro-ji, another at Kongōbu-ji, again in Wakayama, another at Kirihata-dera, Tokushima prefecture, another at Narita-san in Chiba. (See the respective list entries.) Kūkai himself, founder of the Shingon school, built the celebrated daitō for Kongōbu-ji on Kōyasan; almost fifty metres high, chronicles relate that 'the mightiness of its single storey outdoes that of multi-storeyed pagodas'. The specimen found at Negoro-ji (see photo above) is 30.85 meters tall and a National Treasure.

Structure

Single-storey

Japanese pagodas have an odd number of stories. While the tahōto may appear to be twin-storied, complete with balustrade, the upper part is inaccessible with no usable space. The lower roof, known as a mokoshi, provides shelter and the appearance of an additional storey.

Floor plan

Raised over the kamebara or 'tortoise mound', the ground floor has a square plan, 3x3 ken across, with a circular core. Inside, a room is marked out by the shitenbashira or 'four pillars of heaven', a reference to the Four Heavenly Kings. The main objects of worship are often enshrined within.

Upper part

Above is a second 'tortoise mound', in a residual reference to the stupa. Since exposed plaster weathers rapidly, a natural solution was to provide it with a roof, the mokoshi. Above again is a short, cylindrical section and a pyramidal roof, supported on four-stepped brackets.

Finial

Main article: Sōrin

Like all Japanese pagodas, the tahōtō is topped by a vertical shaft known as the sōrin. This comprises the base or 'dew basin'; an inverted bowl with attached lotus petals; nine rings; 'water flame'; and jewel. The finial's division in sections has a symbolic meaning and its structure as a whole itself represents a pagoda.

Miniature versions

A number of smaller versions of the tahōtō are known, of stone, bronze, iron, or wood, and similar to the hōtō.

Meaning

A number of mandala show the Iron Stupa in southern India, where the patriarch Nāgārjuna received the Esoteric scriptures, as a single-storey pagoda with a cylindrical body, a pyramidal roof, and a spire. The forms used in the tahōtō, namely the square, circle, triangle, semi-circle, and circle, may represent the Five Elements or the Five Virtues. The egg-shaped stupa mound or aṇḍa may represent Mount Sumeru, with the finial as the axis of the world; or, by a folk interpretation, the square base may represents a folded robe, the dome an overturned begging bowl, and the spire a walking staff. The tahōtō served not as a reliquary tower but often as an icon hall.

Examples

::data[format=table]

Image	Property	Date	Municipality	Prefecture	Comments	Designation
	Raigō-in tahōtō	1556	Ryūgasaki	Ibaraki Prefecture	3 ken, shingle roof	ICP
[[File:Rakuhoji temple Tahoto Tower.jpg	150px]]	Rakuhō-ji tahōtō	1684	Sakuragawa	Ibaraki Prefecture	3 ken; originated in a three-storey pagoda of 1254, later ruined and rebuilt
[[File:BannajiTahoto.JPG	150px]]	Banna-ji tahōtō	1692	Ashikaga	Tochigi Prefecture	3 ken
[[File:Kanasana Jinjya Tahōtō 2009.jpg	150px]]	Kanasana Jinja tahōtō	1534	Kamikawa	Saitama Prefecture	3 ken, shingle roof
[[File:Kawagoe Kitain Tahoto 202011.jpg	150px]]	Kita-in tahōtō	1639	Kawagoe	Saitama Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof
[[File:Tateyama Nago-ji 03.jpg	150px]]	Nago-dera tahōtō	1761	Tateyama	Chiba Prefecture	3 ken, copper roof
	Ishidō-ji tahōtō	1548	Minamibōsō	Chiba Prefecture	3 ken, shingle roof	ICP
[[File:Narita-san Great Pagoda of Peace.JPG	150px]]	Narita-san daitō	1984	Narita	Chiba Prefecture	5 ken
[[File:Gokoku-ji (Tahoto).jpg	150px]]	Gokoku-ji tahōtō	1938	Bunkyō	Tōkyō	3 ken, tiled roof; modelled on that of Ishiyama-dera
[[File:Two-storied_Pagoda_of_Ikegami_Honmon-ji_Tokyo.jpg	150px]]	Ikegami Honmon-ji hōtō	1828	Ōta	Tōkyō
[[File:Turu daitoz.jpg	150px]]	Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū daitō		Kamakura	Kanagawa Prefecture	5 ken; destroyed
[[File:Nichiryuubuji2008-13.jpg	150px]]	Nichiryūbu-ji tahōtō	1275-1332	Seki	Gifu Prefecture	3 ken, hinoki roof
[[File:Arako kannon 08.JPG	150px]]	Kannon-ji tahōtō	1536	Nagoya	Aichi Prefecture	3 ken, copper roof
	Shōkai-ji tahōtō	1393-1466	Inazawa	Aichi Prefecture	3 ken, copper roof	ICP
	Mantoku-ji tahōtō	1467-1572	Inazawa	Aichi Prefecture	3 ken, hinoki roof	ICP
[[File:Tahoto at Senjoin 2010-02-27.JPG	150px]]	Senjō-in tahōtō	1962	Inuyama	Aichi Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof
[[File:Daijuji tahoto.jpg	150px]]	Daiju-ji tahōtō	1535	Okazaki	Aichi Prefecture	3 ken, hinoki roof
[[File:Chiryū Jinja tahoto.jpg	150px]]	Chiryū Jinja tahōtō	1509	Chiryū	Aichi Prefecture	3 ken, shingle roof
	Tōkannon-ji tahōtō	1528	Toyohashi	Aichi Prefecture	3 ken, shingle roof	ICP
[[File:Mitsuzōin (Kasugai) 18.JPG	150px]]	Mitsuzō-in tahōtō	1393-1466	Kasugai	Aichi Prefecture	3 ken, shingle roof; dismantled for repairs in 1953, roof repairs in 1977
[[File:Ishiyamadera5444.JPG	150px]]	Ishiyama-dera tahōtō	1194	Ōtsu	Shiga Prefecture	3 ken, hinoki roof; four painted pillars of the Kamakura period (ICP); inside are a Heian period and a Kamakura period wooden seated statue of Dainichi Nyorai, both (ICP)
	Kontai-ji tahōtō	1298	Wazuka	Kyōto Prefecture	3 ken, shingle roof	ICP
[[File:Jojakkoji01s3200.jpg	150px]]	Jōjakō-ji tōba	1620	Kyōto	Kyōto Prefecture	3 ken, hinoki roof
[[File:Yoshiminedera04n4592.jpg	150px]]	Yoshimine-dera tahōtō	1621	Kyōto	Kyōto Prefecture	3 ken, hinoki roof
	Hōtō-ji tōba	1438	Kyōto	Kyōto Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof	ICP
[[File:Honpoji01s3216.jpg	150px]]	Honpō-ji tahōtō	1808	Kyōto	Kyōto Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof
[[File:Horinji (Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto) tahoto.jpg	150px]]	Hōrin-ji tahōtō	1942	Kyōto	Kyōto Prefecture	3 ken, copper roof
[[File:Jingoji Kyoto Kyoto40n4592.jpg	150px]]	Jingo-ji tahōtō	1935	Kyōto	Kyōto Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof; inside are five Heian period wooden seated statues of Kokuzō Bosatsu (National Treasures)
[[File:Chion-in (Tahoto).jpg	150px]]	Chion-in tahōtō	1958	Kyōto	Kyōto Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof
[[File:Eikando Zenrinji-temple Tahoto.JPG	150px]]	Eikan-dō tahōtō	1928	Kyōto	Kyōto Prefecture	3 ken
[[File:Osawaike Daikakuji Kyoto 001 JPN.jpg	150px]]	Daikaku-ji hōtō	1967	Kyōto	Kyōto Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof
[[File:Kurama-dera Tahoto.jpg	150px]]	Kurama-dera tahōtō	1960	Kyōto	Kyōto Prefecture	3 ken; the previous tahōtō was destroyed in the late Edo period
[[File:Sanmyoin tahoto.jpg	150px]]	Sanmyō-in tahōtō	1961	Kyōto	Kyōto Prefecture	3 ken, copper roof
[[File:Seiryoji tahoto.jpg	150px]]	Seiryō-ji tahōtō	1702	Kyōto	Kyōto Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof
[[File:Anaoji05s3200.jpg	150px]]	Anao-ji tahōtō	1804	Kameoka	Kyōto Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof
	Daifukukō-ji tahōtō	1275-1332	Kyōtamba	Kyōto Prefecture	3 ken, hinoki roof; dismantled for repairs in 1918, roof repairs in 1955	ICP
[[File:Enryuji Maizuru05s3200.jpg	150px]]	Enryū-ji tahōtō	1751	Maizuru	Kyōto Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof
[[File:Chionji Tahōtō.jpg	150px]]	Chion-ji tahōtō	1500	Miyazu	Kyōto Prefecture	3 ken, shingle roof
[[File:Aizendo Shomanin Osaka03s5s3200.jpg	150px]]	Shōman-in tōba	1597	Ōsaka	Ōsaka Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof
[[File:Iwawakiji2.jpg	150px]]	Iwawaki-dera tahōtō	1467-1572	Kawachinagano	Ōsaka Prefecture	3 ken, copper roof; inside is a Heian period seated wooden statue of Dainichi Nyorai (ICP)
[[File:Amanosan kongou-ji3.JPG	150px]]	Kongō-ji tahōtō	1086-1184	Kawachinagano	Ōsaka Prefecture	3 ken, shingle roof
[[File:Jigenin Izumisano04s3200.jpg	150px]]	Jigen-in tahōtō	1271	Izumisano	Ōsaka Prefecture	3 ken, hinoki roof
[[File:Daiitokuji tahoto3.jpg	150px]]	Daiitoku-ji tahōtō	1515	Kishiwada	Ōsaka Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof
[[File:Katsuo-jiF7398.jpg	150px]]	Katsuō-ji tahōtō	1987	Minō	Ōsaka Prefecture	3 ken, copper roof
[[File:Hodoji (Sakai, Osaka) Tahoto.jpg	150px]]	Hōdō-ji tahōtō	1368	Sakai	Ōsaka Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof; dismantled for repairs in 1921, roof repairs in 1969
[[File:Eifukuji03s3200.jpg	150px]]	Eifuku-ji tahōtō	1652	Taishi	Ōsaka Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof
[[File:Sagamiji03s3200.jpg	150px]]	Sagami-ji tahōtō	1662	Kasai	Hyōgo Prefecture	3 ken, tiled lower roof, hinoki upper roof
	Okusan-ji tahōtō	1709	Kasai	Hyōgo Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof	Prefectural
[[File:Cyokoji05.JPG	150px]]	Chōkō-ji tahōtō	1710	Katō	Hyōgo Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof
[[File:Tokkoin02 1024.jpg	150px]]	Tokkō-in tahōtō	1478	Kobe	Hyōgo Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof
[[File:Gayain02.JPG	150px]]	Gaya-in tahōtō	1648	Miki	Hyōgo Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof
	Renge-ji tahōtō	1812	Miki	Hyōgo Prefecture	3 ken, hinoki roof	Prefectural
[[File:Miki-tokoji03.JPG	150px]]	Tōkō-ji tahōtō	mid-Muromachi period	Miki	Hyōgo Prefecture	3 ken, iron upper roof, tiled lower roof
	Shōkon-ji tahōtō	1715	Nishiwaki	Hyōgo Prefecture	3 ken, hinoki roof	Prefectural
[[File:Choonji (Amagasaki, Hyogo) tahoto.jpg	150px]]	Chōon-ji tahōtō	1607	Amagasaki	Hyōgo Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof
[[File:Onsenji07 2816.jpg	150px]]	Onsen-ji tahōtō	1767	Toyooka	Hyōgo Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof
[[File:Kichidenji Ikaruga Nara Pref03s3s4410.jpg	150px]]	Kichiden-ji tahōtō	1463	Ikaruga	Nara Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof
	Kume-dera tahōtō	1615-1660	Kashihara	Nara Prefecture	3 ken, shingle roof	ICP
[[File:Chyogosonshiji tahoto.jpg	150px]]	Chōgosonshi-ji tahōtō	late Edo period	Heguri	Nara Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof
[[File:Hozanji tahoto.jpg	150px]]	Hōzan-ji tahōtō	1957	Ikoma	Nara Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof
[[File:Tonanin Yoshino Nara02n4272.jpg	150px]]	Tōnan-in tahōtō	early Meiji period	Yoshino	Nara Prefecture	3 ken, shingle roof
[[File:Jison-in Two-storey pagoda.jpg	150px]]	Jison-in tahōtō	1624	Kudoyama	Wakayama Prefecture	3 ken, copper roof
[[File:Danjogaran Koyasan16n4272.jpg	150px]]	Kōyasan Danjō Garan daitō	1937	Kōya	Wakayama Prefecture	5 ken; five Buddhas of the Diamond Realm enshrined inside, with bodhisattva painted on the columns, in a form of mandala; the first daitō was completed in 837; it and four successors were destroyed by fire
[[File:Danjogaran Koyasan08n4272.jpg	150px]]	Kongōbu-ji Saitō	1834	Kōya	Wakayama Prefecture	5 ken, tiled roof; five Buddhas of the Womb Realm enshrined inside
[[File:Danjogaran Koyasan23n3200.jpg	150px]]	Kongōbu-ji Tōtō	1984	Kōya	Wakayama Prefecture	3 ken
[[File:KongouZanmaiin Tahoto.jpg	150px]]	Kongō Sanmai-in tahōtō	1223	Kōya	Wakayama Prefecture	3 ken, hinoki roof; inside are Kamakura period wooden seated statues of the Five Buddhas
[[File:Kimiidera Wakayama18n4272.jpg	150px]]	Kimii-dera tahōtō	1449	Wakayama	Wakayama Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof
[[File:Kaizenin tahoto.jpg	150px]]	Kaizen-in tahōtō	1653	Wakayama	Wakayama Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof
[[File:Negoroji03s3200.jpg	150px]]	Negoro-ji tahōtō (daitō)	1492-1554	Iwade	Wakayama Prefecture	3 ken, hinoki roof
[[File:Jomyoji Arida02n3200.jpg	150px]]	Jōmyō-ji tahōtō	1275-1332	Arida	Wakayama Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof; dismantled for repairs in 1935
[[File:Chohoji05s3200.jpg	150px]]	Chōhō-ji tahōtō	1357	Kainan	Wakayama Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof; dismantled for repairs in 1927
	Henshō-ji tahōtō	1606	Kasaoka	Okayama Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof	ICP
[[File:Rendaiji 09.jpg	150px]]	Rendai-ji tahōtō	1670	Kurashiki	Okayama Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof; rebuilt after a storm in 1843
	Anjū-in tahōtō	1688-1703	Okayama	Okayama Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof	Prefectural
	Shōen-ji tōba (tahōtō)	1690	Setouchi	Okayama Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof	Prefectural
[[File:Mitaki-dera Taho-to.jpg	150px]]	Mitaki-dera tahōtō	1526	Hiroshima	Hiroshima Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof; originally part of a Hachiman shrine in Wakayama Prefecture; relocated in 1951 in honour of the victims of the atomic bomb
[[File:Tahoto Miyajima 2011.JPG	150px]]	Itsukushima Jinja tahōtō	1523	Hatsukaichi	Hiroshima Prefecture	3 ken, shingle roof
[[File:Onomichi Jodoji 08.JPG	150px]]	Jōdo-ji tahōtō	1319-28	Onomichi	Hiroshima Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof; dismantled for repairs in 1935, repainted in 1973
	Kōsan-ji tahōtō	1942	Onomichi	Hiroshima Prefecture	3 ken, copper roof; modelled on that of Ishiyama-dera	Registered
[[File:Butsuji Tahoutou.jpg	150px]]	Buttsu-ji tahōtō	1927	Mihara	Hiroshima Prefecture	3 ken, copper roof
	Akaibō tahōtō	1560	Kudamatsu	Yamaguchi Prefecture	3 ken, shingle roof; inscription with date found in 1928	ICP
[[File:Kirihataji 06.JPG	150px]]	Kirihata-ji daitō	1618	Awa	Tokushima Prefecture	5 ken, twin-storey, tiled roof; pillars unusually arranged in a concentric square; relocated from Sumiyoshi Taisha in Ōsaka during the Meiji period
[[File:Yakuo-ji, Yugi Tower 05.jpg	150px]]	Yakuō-ji yugitō	1963	Minami	Tokushima Prefecture
[[File:Kumataniji 04.JPG	150px]]	Kumadani-ji tahōtō	1774	Awa	Tokushima Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof
[[File:Yodaji09s3872.jpg	150px]]	Yoda-ji tahōtō	1984	Higashikagawa	Kagawa Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof
[[File:Okuboji 08.JPG	150px]]	Ōkubo-ji tahōtō	1954	Sanuki	Kagawa Prefecture	3 ken
[[File:Doryuji 06.JPG	150px]]	Dōryū-ji tahōtō	1980	Tadotsu	Kagawa Prefecture	3 ken, tiled roof
[[File:Yakuriji 07.JPG	150px]]	Yakuri-ji tahōtō	1984	Takamatsu	Kagawa Prefecture	3 ken
::

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