Taba language

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Austronesian language spoken in North Maluku, Indonesia

title: "Taba language" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["south-halmahera–west-new-guinea-languages", "languages-of-indonesia", "halmahera"] description: "Austronesian language spoken in North Maluku, Indonesia" topic_path: "linguistics" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taba_language" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Austronesian language spoken in North Maluku, Indonesia ::

::data[format=table title="Infobox language"]

Field	Value
name	Taba
altname	East Makian, Makian Dalam
states	Indonesia
region	North Maluku province
ethnicity	Makian (Tabayana)
speakers	20,000+
date	1983
ref	e18
familycolor	Austronesian
fam2	Malayo-Polynesian
fam3	Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian
fam4	Eastern Malayo-Polynesian
fam5	South Halmahera–West New Guinea
fam6	Raja Ampat–South Halmahera
fam7	South Halmahera
fam8	Southern
iso3	mky
glotto	east2440
glottorefname	East Makian
::

Taba (also known as East Makian or Makian Dalam) is a Malayo-Polynesian language of the South Halmahera–West New Guinea group. It is spoken mostly on the islands of Makian, Kayoa and southern Halmahera in North Maluku province of Indonesia by about 20,000 people.

Dialects

There are minor differences in dialect between all of the villages on Makian island in which Taba is spoken. Most differences affect only a few words. One of the most widespread reflexes is the use of in Waikyon and Waigitang, where in other villages is retained from Proto-South Halmaheran.

Geographic distribution

As of 2005, Ethnologue lists Taba as having a speaking population of approximately 20,000; however, it has been argued by linguists that this number could in reality be anywhere between 20,000 and 50,000. The language is predominantly spoken on the eastern part of Makian Island, although it is also found on the southern island of Mori, Kayoa, Bacan, and Obi, and along the west coast of south Halmahera. There has also been continued migration of speakers to other areas of North Maluku due to frequent volcanic eruptions on Makian Island. The island itself is home to two languages: Taba, which is spoken on the eastern side of the island, and a Papuan language spoken on the western side, known alternatively as West Makian or Makian Luar (Outer Makian); in Taba, this language is known as Taba Lik ('Outer Taba'), while its native speakers know it as Moi.

Speech levels

Taba is divided into three different levels of speech: alus, biasa, and kasar.

The alus, or 'refined' Taba, is used in situations in which the speaker is addressing someone older or of greater status than the speaker themselves.

The biasa, or 'ordinary' Taba, is used in most general situations.

The kasar, or 'coarse' form of Taba, is used only rarely and generally in anger.

Phonology

Taba has fifteen indigenous consonant phonemes, and four loan phonemes: . These are shown below:

::data[format=table title="Consonants{{sfn|Bowden|2001|p=26}}{{sfn|Bowden|Hajek|1999|p=143}}"] | Bilabial | Apico- alveolar | Lamino- palatal | Dorso- velar | Glottal | Nasal | Plosive/ Affricate | voiceless | voiced | Fricative | Trill | Approximant | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | () | | () | | | | | | | | | | | () | | | | | | | | | | | () | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ::

Syllables may only have complex onsets at the beginning of morphemic units. The minimal Taba syllable consists of just a vowel, while the maximal indigenous syllable structure is CCVC (there are some examples of CCCVC from Dutch). The structure CCVC, however, is only found in syllables which occur at the beginning of morphemes; non-initial syllables have a maximal structure of CVC. The vast majority of words are mono- or disyllabic.

All consonants except , , , and can be geminated. Geminates can occur word-initially, e.g., tala vs. ttala . Some speakers degeminate to . Initial fricative clusters can be metathesized or assimilated (e.g., can become or ).

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Taba_vowel_chart.svg" caption="The vowel phonemes of Taba on a [[vowel chart"] ::

Taba has five vowels, illustrated on the table below. The front and central vowels are unrounded; the back vowels are rounded.

::data[format=table title="Vowels{{sfn|Bowden|Hajek|1999|p=144}}{{sfn|Bowden|2001|p=28}}"]

Front	Central	Back	Close	Mid	Open



::

Grammar

Word order

Taba is, predominantly, a head-marking language which adheres to a basic AVO word order. However, there is a reasonable degree of flexibility.

|yak kha-lekat pakakas ne |1SG 1SGCAUS-broken tool PROX |'I broke this tool.'}}

Taba has both prepositions and postpositions.

Pronouns

::data[format=table title="Independent Pronouns{{sfn|Bowden|2001|p=188}}"]

Singular	Plural	1st person	exclusive	inclusive	2nd person	3rd person
yak	am
tit
au	meu
i	si
::

In Taba, pronouns constitute an independent, closed set. Syntactically, Taba pronouns can be used in any context where a full noun phrase is applicable. However, independent pronouns are only used in reference to animate entities, unless pronominal reference to inanimate patients is required in reflexive clauses.

As mentioned, independent pronouns are generally used for animate reference. However, there are two exceptions to this generalisation. In some circumstances an inanimate is considered a 'higher inanimate' which accords syntactic status similar to animates. This is represented as in English where inanimates such as cars or ships, for example, can be ascribed a gender. This is illustrated below in a response to the question 'Why did the Taba Jaya (name of a boat) stop coming to Makian?':

|Ttumo i te ndara |ttum-o i te ndara |1PL.INCLfollow-APPL 3SG NEG too.much |'We didn't catch it enough.'}}

The Taba Jaya, a boat significant enough to be given a name, is accorded pronoun status similar to animates. The other exception occurs in reflexive clauses where a pronominal copy of a reflexive patient is required, as shown below:

|Bonci ncayak i tadia |bonci n-say-ak i ta-dia |peanut 3SG-spread-APPL 3SG SIM-REM |'Peanut (leaves) spread out on itself like that.'}}

Non-human animates and inanimates are always grammatically singular, regardless of how many referents are involved. In Taba, pronouns and noun phrases are marked by person and number.

Person

Taba distinguishes three persons in the pronominal and cross-referencing systems. Person is marked on both pronouns and on cross-referencing proclitics attached to verb phrases. The actor cross-referencing proclitics are outlined in the following table. In the first-person plural, a clusivity distinction is made, 'inclusive' (including the addressee) and 'exclusive' (excluding the addressee), as is common to most Austronesian languages.

::data[format=table title="Cross-referencing proclitics"]

Singular	Plural	1st person	exclusive	inclusive	2nd person	3rd person
k=	a=
t=
m=	h=
n=	l=
::

The following are examples (4–10) of simple actor intransitive clauses showing each of the proclitic prefixes.

::data[format=table title="Intransitive Clauses{{sfn|Bowden|2001|p=187}}"]

Singular	Plural	1st person	exclusive	inclusive	2nd person	3rd person




::

The alternation between proclitic markers indicates number, where in (4) k= denotes the arrival of a singular actor, while in (7) a= indicates the arrival of first-person plural actors, exclusionary of the addressee, and is replicated in the change of prefix in the additional examples.

Number

Number is marked on noun phrases and pronouns. Taba distinguishes grammatically between singular and plural categories, as shown in (3) to (9) above. Plural marking is obligatory for humans and is used for all noun phrases which refer to multiple individuals. Plurality is also used to indicate respect in the second and third Person when addressing or speaking of an individual who is older than the speaker. The rules for marking number on noun phrases are summarised in the table below:

::data[format=table]

Marking Number	singular	plural	human	non-human animate	inanimate
Used for one person when person is same age or younger than speaker.	Used for one person when person is older than speaker.
Used for more than one person in all contexts.
Used no matter how many referents	Not used
Used no matter how many referents	Not used
::

The enclitic =si marks number in noun phrases. =si below (10), indicates that there is more than one child playing on the beach and, in (11), the enclitic indicates that the noun phase mama lo baba, translated as 'mother and father,' is plural.

|Wangsi lalawa lawe solo li |wangsi lhalawa la-we solo li |childPL 3plCAUS-play sea-ESS beach LOC |'The children are playing on the beach.'}}

|Nim mama li babasi laoblak |nim mama lo babasi l-haobal-k |2SG.POSS mother and fatherPL 3PLCAUS-call-APPL |'Your mother and father are calling you.'}}

Plural number is used as a marker of respect not only for second-person addressees, but for third-person referents as seen in (12). In Taba, it has been observed that many adults use deictic shifts towards the perspective of addressee children regarding the use of plural markers. Example (13) is typical of an utterance of an older person than those they are referring to, indicative of respect that should be accorded to the referent by the addressee.

|Ksung Om Nur nidi um li |ksung Om Nur nidi um li |1SGenter Uncle Nur 3PL.POSS house LOC |'I went into Om Nur's house.'}}

|Nim babasi e lo li e? |nim babasi e lo li e |2SG.POSS fatherPL FOC where LOC FOC |'Where is your father?'}}

Pronominal affixes

All Taba verbs having actor arguments carry affixes which cross-reference the number and person of the actor, examples of proclitics are shown above. In Taba, there are valence-changing affixes which deal with patterns of cross-referencing with three distinct patterns. The dominant pattern is used with all verbs having an actor argument. The other two patterns are confined to a small number of verbs: one for the possessive verb, the other for a few verbs of excretion. This is discussed further in Possession below.

Possession

Taba does not, as such, have possessive pronouns. Rather, the possessor noun and the possessed entity are linked by a possessive ligature. The Taba ligatures are shown below:

::data[format=table title="Possessive Particles{{sfn|Bowden|2001|p=187}}"]

Singular	Plural	1st person	exclusive	inclusive	2nd person	3rd person
nik	am
nit
nim	meu
ni	nidi/di
::

Adnominal possession

Adnominal possession involves the introduction of an inflected possessive particle between the possessor and the possessed entity; this inflected possessive, formally categorised as a 'ligature', is cross-referenced with the number and person of the possessor. This ligature indicates a possessive relationship between a modifier noun and its head-noun. In Taba, adnominal possession is distinguished by reverse genitive ordering, in which the possessor noun precedes the noun referring to the possessed entity.

In many contexts the possessor will not be overtly referenced.

Example of reverse genitive ordering in Taba:

|ni mtu |3SG.POSS child |'His/her child.'}}

Obligatory possessive marking

In Taba, alienable and inalienable possession is not obligatorily marked by the use of different forms, though this is common in many related languages. However, there are a number of seemingly inalienable entities which cannot be referred to without referencing a possessor.

For example: |meja ni wwe |table 3SG.POSS leg |'The leg (of the table).'}}

Verbal possession

Verbal possession in Taba is generally indicated through the attaching of the causative prefix ha- to the adnominal possessive forms. The possessor then becomes actor of the clause, and the possessed entity becomes the undergoer. This method of forming a possessive verb is very unusual, typologically, and is found in almost no other languages.

|kabin da yak kha-nik |goat DIST 1SG 1SGCAUS-1SG.POSS |'That goat, I own it.'}}

Negation

Like other Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages spoken in the Maluku Islands, Taba uses different particles to negate declarative and imperative clauses; declaratives are negated using te, while imperatives are negated using oik. In both cases the negative particles are clause-final, a placement which is posited to be the result of contact with non-Austronesian Papuan languages.

Negation of declaratives using {{lang|mky|te}}

Declarative clauses are negated using the particle te, which follows all other elements of the clause except for modal and aspectual particles (these are discussed below). Examples (15a) and (15b) show negation of an actor intransitive clause, while (16a) and (16b) give negation of a non-actor bivalent clause (i.e. a clause with two undergoer arguments); te has the same clause-final placement regardless of the clause structure.

|Nhan akla |nhan ak-la |3sggo ALL-sea |'She's going seawards.'}}

|Nhan akla te |nhan ak-la te |3sggo ALL-sea NEG |'She's not going seawards.'}}

|Nik calana kudak asfal |nik ak-lacalana kuda-k asfal |1sg.POSS trousers be.black-APPL bitumen |'My trousers are blackened with bitumen.'}}

|Nik calana kudak asfal te |nik ak-lacalana kuda-k asfal te |1sg.POSS trousers be.black-APPL bitumen NEG |'My trousers are not blackened with bitumen.'}}

Negation of complex sentences can be ambiguous — see example (17), where te can operate on either just the complement clause khan 'I'm going' or to the whole clause complex kalusa khan 'I said I'm going':

|Kalusa khan te |kha-lusa khan te |1sgCAUS-say 1sggo NEG |'I said I'm not going.' / 'I didn't say I'm going.'}}

Negative existential clauses

Te can serve as the predicator of a negative existential clause, with no verb required. It can occur immediately following the noun phrase that refers to whatever is being asserted as non-existent, as in (18):

|Nik dalawat te |nik dalawat te |1sg.POSS girlfriend NEG |'I don't have a girlfriend.'}}

However, a discourse marker is generally interposed between the noun phrase and te. This marker expresses something about how the non-existence of the noun phrase's referent relates to the discourse context, or alternatively indicates the speaker's attitude towards the proposition. In (19), the discourse marker mai (glossed as 'but') is used to indicate that the non-existence of tea, sugar and coffee in the household described by the speaker is counter to one's expectations that a normal household would have these items:

|Te mai te; gula mai te; kofi mai te |tea but NEG sugar but NEG coffee but NEG |'There's no tea; there's no sugar; there's no coffee.'}}

Complex negative modal / aspectual particles

Taba has three complex negative particles which, in addition to negation, express mood or aspect; these are formed by the modal and aspectual particles attaching onto te as clitics. The three particles are tedo (realis negative), tehu (continuative negative), and tesu (potential negative).

tedo (realis negative)

Tedo is a compound of te and the realis mood marker do, and expresses a more emphatic negation than plain te. In (20), it is used to emphasize the absolute nature of the prohibition against making alcohol in the Muslim community of the speaker:

|Mai ane lpeik saguer tedo. |mai a-ne lpe-ik saguer te-do |but DEM-PROX 3plmake-APPL palm.wine NEG-REAL |'But here they don't make palm wine with it anymore.'}}

tehu (continuative negative)

Tehu is a compound of te and the continuous aspect marker hu, and can be roughly translated as 'not up to the relevant point in time': this may be either the time of utterance (i.e. 'not yet', 'still not'), or some other time relevant to the context of the utterance, as in (21). Unlike the potential negative tesu, tehu does not express any expectations about the likelihood of the negated event or state occurring in the future.

|Manganco ne dukon tehu |manganco ne dukon te-hu |long.time PROX eruption NEG-CONT |'For a long time there hadn't been an eruption.'}}

Tehu also often appears at the end of the first clause in a sequence of clauses, indicating whatever is referred to by the first clause has not still occurred by the time of the event(s) or state(s) referred to by the following clauses.

|Karna taplod tehu, manusia loas do. |karna ta-plod te-hu manusia loas do |because DETR-erupt NEG-CONT people 3plflee REAL |'Because the mountain had still not erupted when everyone fled.'}}

tesu (potential negative)

Tesu is formed by suffixing -su, expressing the potential mood, to te. Although tesu is similar to tehu in that it encodes the meaning 'not up to the relevant point in time', it also expresses an expectation that the event referred to will occur in the future: this expectation is made explicit in the free translation of (23).

|Sedi ne dumik tesu |sedi ne dumik te-su |garden.shelter PROX be.complete NEG-POT |'This garden shelter is not yet finished.' [but I expect it to be finished later]}}

Tesu shares with tehu the ability to be used at the end of the first clause in a sequence of clauses, and also carries a similar meaning of incompletion; in addition, it encodes the expectation that the event referred to by the first clause should have happened by the event(s) of the following clauses. This expectation does not need to have actually been fulfilled; the breakfast that was expected to be cooked in the first clause of (24) was, in reality, never cooked due to the ensuing eruption.

|Hadala mosa tesu, taplod haso nak. |hadala mosa te-su ta-plod haso nak |breakfast be.cooked NEG-POT DETR-erupt CLone also |'Breakfast was still not cooked (although I had every expectation that it would be) when it erupted again.'}}

Unlike the modal and aspectual markers which are used to form the other complex negative particles, su is not attested as a free morpheme elsewhere; however, it is likely related to the optional final -s of the modal verb -ahate(s) 'to be unable', which appears to be derived historically from te having fused onto the verb -ahan 'to be able'. When used with a final -s, as in (25b) compared with (25a), this modal verb encodes the same meanings expressed by tesu:

|Irianti nasodas nahate |Irianti nha-sodas nahate |Irianti 3sgCAUS-suck[smoke] 3sgbe.unable |'Irianti is not allowed to smoke.'}}

|Iswan nasodas nahates |Iswan nha-sodas nahate-s |Iswan 3sgCAUS-suck[smoke] 3sgbe.unable-POT |'Iswan is not allowed to smoke (now. But he will be allowed to in the future).'}}

Negation of imperatives using {{lang|mky|oik}}

Imperative clauses are negated using the admonitive particle oik. This particle appears to be derived from a verb oik 'to leave something behind'; however, this verb requires actor cross-referencing, whereas the particle is never cross-referenced. Bowden (2001) posits that the imperative use of oik has developed from the use of the independent verb in serial verb constructions, with the morphological elements being lost in the process of grammaticalization. The particle is shown in (26), while the verbal use (with cross-referencing) is shown in (27):

|Hmomas meu komo mai hmomsak meu calana oik |hmomas meu komo mai hmomasak meu calana oik |2PLwipe 2PL.POSS hand but 2PLwipeAPPL 2PL.POSS trousers ADMON |'Wipe your hands, but don't wipe them with your trousers.'}}

|Nim suka moik nim sagala ane? |nim suka moik nim sagala a-ne |2SG.POSS desire 2SGleave.behind 2SG.POSS stuff LOC-PROX |'Do you want to leave your stuff behind here?'}}

Using negative particles as question tags

Yes–no (polar) questions can be posed with either positive or negative polarity; positive polarity questions operate in much the same way as in English, while negative polarity questions, which are formed using forms of the negative marker te as question tags, work in a different manner. An example of a positive polarity question is given below in (28a), while (28b) shows a negative polarity question:

|Masodas pa ne? |mha-sodas pa ne |2sgCAUS-suck or PROX |'Do you smoke?'}}

|Masodas pa te? |mha-sodas pa te |2sgCAUS-suck or NEG |'Do you smoke or not?'}}

The answers to the positive polarity may be either Jou/Ole ('Yes, I do smoke') or Te ('No, I don't smoke'); when responding to the negative polarity question, the answers are either Jou/Ole ('Yes, I do not smoke'), Te ('No, I do smoke').

Demonstratives and directionals

Taba has two systems which are both involved in marking deixis: the demonstrative and the directional systems. Although compared to other Austronesian languages Taba is typologically unusual in that its grammar involves little morphology, this is not the case when it comes to demonstratives and directionals. Both of these systems involve root morphemes which can occur either on their own or with affixes, creating a large variety of meanings.

Demonstratives

There are two demonstrative roots in Taba: ne, which expresses proximity to the speaker, and dia (or shortened form da), which expresses distance from the speaker. Each of these roots can be combined with a variety of morphemes to produce different nouns and pronouns, as follows:

::data[format=table title="Demonstratives{{sfn|Bowden|2001}}"]

ne (≈ this)	dia/da (≈ that)	Proximal	Distal	Root forms	Demonstrative pronouns	sg.	pl.	Locative nouns	Similative nouns	'biasa'	'alus'	'kasar'
ne	dia/da
ine	idia
sine	sidia
ane	adia
tane	tadia
tadine	taddia
hatadine	hatadia
dodine	dodia
::

Note: the three different categories of similative nouns refer to the three different registers of Taba, which have been ascribed the following meanings: biasa ('normal'), alus ('fine/respectful') and kasar ('coarse').

Root forms

Root forms ne and dia have a deictic function with respect to the speaker, and can express the speaker's physical, textural, temporal or even emotional and spiritual distance from something. These forms, when used on their own, occur immediately after the noun phrase to which they refer, much like the equivalent forms in many other Malayo-Polynesian languages. Examples of the root forms functioning as such can be seen below:

|pakakas ne |tool PROX |'this tool'}}

|kurusi da |chair DIST |'that chair'}}

Demonstrative root forms in Taba, like in most other languages, can also be used to refer to concepts previously mentioned in a conversation, as per the following example:

|Ndadi dukon ne taun halim do. |ndadi dukon ne taun halim do |so eruption PROX year CLfive REAL |'So the eruption was five years ago.'}}

Although the demonstrative roots are a closed class and most clearly mark deixis, they also belong to a slightly larger class of deictics, including the directional root ya ('up'). When this directional root is used deictically, it implies that both the speaker and hearer hold some common knowledge about the referent.

Directionals will be discussed in further detail in the next section. See below an example of ya functioning deictically:

|Malcoma yak ni foto ya |malcoma yak ni foto ya |2sgsend 1sg 3sg.POSS photograph REC |'Send me the photographs (that I have just referred to, and which we both know about'}}

Demonstrative pronouns

Taba has four demonstrative pronouns, each formed through the affixation of a pronoun to the demonstrative root. This process, as well as the rough English translation for each pronoun is outlined in the table below: ::data[format=table title="Demonstrative pronouns{{sfn|Bowden|2001|p=273}}"]

ne	da/dia	Proximal	Distal	singular	plural


::

Taba's demonstrative pronouns can also be used to refer to a concept previously mentioned in a conversation, or a series of previously described events, as shown in the next two examples:

|Idia Minggu |i-dia Minggu |3SG-DIST Sunday |'That was Sunday'}}

|Lai tam idia |lai tam i-dia |just 1PL.INCLsee 3SG-DIST |'We had just seen all of this (for the first time)'}}

Locative nouns

Taba has two locative nouns, formed by the prefixation of a-. The formation of these nouns and their rough English translations can be found in the table below: ::data[format=table title="Locative nouns{{sfn|Bowden|2001|p=275}}"]

ne	dai/dia	Proximal	Distal

::

Here are two examples showing the locative nouns in use, occurring after the noun to which they refer:

|Si ane te |Si a-ne te |3PL LOC-PROX NEG |'He wasn't there'}}

|Peda adia loka ni umpo lema |peda a-dia loka ni um-po le-ma |machete LOC-DIST banana 3SG.POSS NOM-down land-VEN |'The machete is there, landwards from the bottom of the banana tree'}}

Similative nouns

Taba has eight similative nouns, which differ between the language's three registers. Many other Austronesian languages have similative noun equivalents, but Taba is unique in that it has such a high number. The eight different forms can be found in the table below, where the labels ascribed to each register by Taba speakers are as such: biasa ('normal'), alus ('fine/respectful') and kasar ('coarse'). ::data[format=table]

ne	di/dia	Proximal
biasa	tane	tadia
alus	tadine	taddia
	hatadine	hatadia
kasar	dodine	dodia
::

Below is an example of a similative noun occurring naturally in a conversation:

|Napnap um ni llo ya mlongan tane |yapyap um ni llo ya mlongan ta-ne |ash house 3SG.POSS inside REC be.long SIM-PROX |'The ash inside the house was as deep as this'}}

Similative nouns in Taba can also occur as single-word utterances and as adverbs, as in the following examples:

|Tadia! |ta-dia |SIM-DIST |'It's done like that!', 'I've done it!', 'Tadaa!' etc.}}

|Tit tpe tane |tit t-pe ta-ne |1PL.INCL 1PL.INCL.do SIM-PROX |'We do it like this'}}

Directionals

As for the directional system, Taba has five basic semantic categories. These, along with their roughly translated English equivalents are: ya ('up'), po ('down'), la ('sea'), le ('land') and no ('there'). Like demonstratives, directionals in Taba can be affixed to express more complex meanings, namely motion towards or from a direction, position in a direction, and parts of something that are oriented in a particular direction. This kind of morphology is unusual within Taba, but typologically common compared to many other Austronesian languages. It is worth noting that while the directional roots in Taba can have rough English translations, utterances containing them will often have senseless meanings if translated directly into English.

All Taba directionals formed by affixation can be found in the table below. The essive forms refer to static location in a particular direction and the allative forms refer to motion towards a particular direction. The venitive forms refer to motion away from a particular direction and the nominalised forms refer to parts of something that are oriented in a particular direction.

::data[format=table title="Directionals{{sfn|Bowden|2001}}"]

Gloss
Root
Essive
Allative
Venitive
Nominalised
::

Essive forms

Essive directionals in Taba, as stated above, signify static location in a particular direction. These forms can have a larger range of functions when compared with the other directionals. Namely, they can occur as verb adjuncts, both with a locative phrase and alone. They can occur either before or after a verb, or to modify a noun phrase. Shown below is an example of the essive forms being used in a sentence:

|Sama lo John nalusa ni abu nwom lawe |Sama lo John nha-lusa ni abu nwom la-we |same as John 3sgCAUS-say 3sg.POSS ash 3sgcome sea-ESS |'Just like you (John) said the ash (from the eruption) fell in Australia'}}

Allative forms

Allative directional forms in Taba express movement towards a particular direction. These forms can occur on their own, after the verb as an adjunct, or at the head of a locative phrase. Examples of these two functions occurring in natural speech are shown below:

|Ncopang akla |nsopang ak-la |3SGdescend ALL-sea |'It descended to the sea'}}

|Malai lhan appo |Malai lhan ap-po |then 3PLgo ALL-down |'Then they went downwards'}}

Venitive forms

Venitive directional forms in Taba express movement away from a particular direction. These forms are much freer in word order and can occur at many different places within a clause, serving to modify verbs, as seen in the next two examples:

|Noma noma turus manusia lwom |no-ma no-ma turus manusia lwom |there-VEN there-VEN direct people 3plcome |'From here and there the people came'}}

|Nyoa khan lama, polisisi ltahan yak |nyoa khan la-ma polisisi ltahan yak |{3sgsearch (almost)} 1sggo sea-VEN police-PL 3plfind 1sg |'I'd almost come back from Moti when the police found me'}}

Venitive forms can also occur in utterances without any verbs, such as in the following example:

|Motor Payahe lema yak |motor Payahe le-ma yak |boat Payahe land-VEN 1sg |'I came on the boat from Payahe'}}

The suffix -ma, used to form venitive directionals is likely derived from the word *maRi ('come'), that has been reconstructed for Proto-Austronesian.

Nominalised forms

Nominalised directional forms in Taba signify parts of an object that are oriented towards a particular direction. These forms are always possessed by and occur after the noun relative to which the location is being expressed. This is illustrated in the following two examples:

|Kapal ya pso nuso lawe Botan ni umpo lawe |Kapal ya p-so nuso la-we Botan ni um-po la-we |ship REC CL-one 3sgfollow sea-ESS Halmahera 3sg.POSS NOM-down sea-ESS |'There was a ship following along underneath Halmahera'}}

|I ntongo {'Happy Restaurant'} ni kle |i ntongo {'Happy Restaurant'} ni k-le |3sg 3sgstay {'Happy Restaurant'} 3sg.POSS NOM-land |'He's staying landwards from the 'Happy Restaurant}}

List of glossing abbreviations

This section contains only the glossing abbreviations that appear in this article. For a full list, see List of glossing abbreviations. ::data[format=table]

Gloss	Meaning
ADMON	admonitive mood
ALL	allative case
APPL	applicative voice
CAUS	causative
CL	classifier
CONT	continuous aspect
DEM	demonstrative
DETR	detransitivizer
DIST	distal demonstrative
ESS	essive case
FOC	focus
LOC	locative case
NEG	negation
NOM	nominative case
PL	plural
POSS	possessive marker
POT	potential mood
PROX	proximal demonstrative
REAL	realis mood
REC	reciprocal voice
REM	remote past tense
SG	singular
SIM	simultaneous aspect
VEN	venitive
::

SIM:simultaneous aspect PROX:proximal demonstrative ADMON:admonitive mood

Name taboo ({{lang|mky|aroah}})

As is common with many Melanesian people, Taba speakers practice ritual name taboo. As such, when a person dies in a Taba community, their name may not be used by any person with whom they had a close connection. This practice adheres to the Makianese belief that, if the names of the recently deceased are uttered, their spirits may be drastically disturbed. The deceased may be referred to simply as 'Deku's mother' or 'Dula's sister'. Others in the community with the same name as the deceased will be given maronga, or substitute names.

Notes

References

{{Ethnologue18. mky
{{Ethnologue15. mky
"WALS Online - Feature 88A: Order of Demonstrative and Noun".
"WALS Online - Language Taba".
"Austronesian Comparative Dictionary - Words: a".

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