Stringed instrument tunings

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title: "Stringed instrument tunings" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["string-instruments", "musical-tuning", "guitar-tunings"] description: "Tunings for stringed musical instruments" topic_path: "arts" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stringed_instrument_tunings" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Tunings for stringed musical instruments ::

This is a chart of stringed instrument tunings. Instruments are listed alphabetically by their most commonly known name.

Terminology

A course may consist of one or more strings.

Courses are listed reading from left to right facing the front of the instrument, with the instrument standing vertically. On a majority of instruments, this places the notes from low to high pitch. Exceptions exist:

• Instruments using reentrant tuning (e.g., the charango) may have a high string before a low string.
• Instruments strung in the reverse direction (e.g., mountain dulcimer) are noted with the highest sounding courses on the left and the lowest to the right.
• A few instruments exist in "right-hand" and "left-hand" versions; left-handed instruments are not included here as separate entries, as their tuning is identical to the right-hand version, but with the strings in reverse order (e.g., a left-handed guitar).

Strings within a course are also given from left to right, facing the front of the instrument, with it standing vertically. Single-string courses are separated by spaces; multiple-string courses (i.e. paired or tripled strings) are shown with courses separated by bullet characters (•).

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Scientific_pitch_notation_octaves_of_C.png" caption="Scientific pitch notation"] ::

Pitch: Unless otherwise noted, contemporary western standard pitch (A4 = 440 Hz) and 12-tone equal temperament are assumed.

Octaves are given in scientific pitch notation, with Middle C written as "C4". (The 'A' above Middle C would then be written as "A4"; the next higher octave begins on "C5"; the next lower octave on "C3"; etc.)

Because stringed instruments are easily re-tuned, the concept of a "standard tuning" is somewhat flexible. Some instruments:

• have a designated standard tuning (e.g., violin; guitar)
• have more than one tuning considered "standard" (e.g., mejorana, ukulele)
• do not have a standard tuning but rather a "common" tuning that is used more frequently than others (e.g., banjo; lap steel guitar)
• are typically re-tuned to suit the music being played or the voice being accompanied and have no set "standard" at all (e.g., đàn nguyệt; Appalachian dulcimer)

Where more than one common tuning exists, the most common is given first and labeled "Standard" or "Standard/common". Other tunings will then be given under the heading "Alternates".

A

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Instrument	Strings & Courses	Tuning(s)	Alternative Names	Origin	Notes	Picture
	Ahenk		12 strings		Standard/common:
	Ajayu		12 strings		Standard/common:
	Akkordolia		4 strings
	Akonting		3 courses		Common:
	Amzad		1 string		No standard tuning; tuned to any convenient note.
	Archlute		27 strings
	Armonico		7 strings		E3•A3•D4•G4 G4•B3•E4
	Arpeggione		6 strings		E2 A2 D3 G3 B3 E4
	Autoharp		36 strings
::

B

::data[format=table]

Instrument	Strings & Courses	Tuning(s)	Alternative Names	Origin	Notes	Picture
	Baglama		7 strings		top to bottom:
	Baglamas		6 strings		D4 D5•A4 A4•D5 D5
	Bajo quinto		10 strings		A2 A1•D3 D2•G2 G2•C3 C3•F3 F3
	Bajo sexto		12 strings		Standard/common (all fourths):
	Balalaika, alto		3 strings		E3 E3 A3
	Balalaika, bass		3 strings		Standard:
	Balalaika, contrabass		3 strings		Standard:
	Balalaika, descant		3 strings		E5 E5 A5
	Balalaika, piccolo		3 strings		Standard:
	Balalaika, prima		3 strings		Standard/common:
	Balalaika, prima, 6-string		6 strings		Standard:
	Balalaika, secunda		3 strings		A3 A3 D4
	Balalaika, tenor		3 strings		A2 A2 D3
	Bandola Andina Colombiana		16 strings		F3 F3•B3 B3•E4 E4 E4•A4 A4 A4•D5 D5 D5•G5 G5 G5
	Bandola Llanera		4 strings		A2 D3 A3 E4
	Bandola Oriental		8 strings		G3 G3•D4 D4•A4 A4•E5 E5
	Bandolin		15 strings		E5 E4 E5•A5 A4 A5•D5 D5 D5•F5 F5 F5•B5 B5 B5
	Bandurria, Philippine		14 strings		F3•B3 B3•E4 E4•A4 A4 A4•D5 D5 D5•G5 G5 G5
	Bandurria, Spanish		12 strings		G3 G3•C4 C4•F4 F4•B4 B4•E5 E5•A5 A5
	Banjo, bass		4 strings		E1 A1 D2 G2
	Banjo, cello		4 strings		** C2 G2 D3 A3**
	Banjo, cello		5 strings		G3 D2 G2 B2 D3
	Banjo, contrabass		3 strings		Standard/common:
	Banjo (5-string)		5 strings		Standard/common:
	Banjolele		4 strings		Standard/common:
	Banjolin		4 strings		G3 D4 A4 E5
	Banjo,		5 strings		E4 B2 E3 G3 B3
	Banjo, tenor		4 strings		Standard/common (all fifths):
	Banjo, Plectrum		4 strings		C3 G3 B3 D4
	Baryton		17 strings		Bowed rank: A1 D2 G3 C3 E3 A3 D4
	Basprim				(See Brac, 5 string)
	Bass guitar				(See Guitar, bass)
	Berimbau		1 string		[*]
	Biscernica, 5 string		5 strings		C3•F3•B3•E4 E4
	Bisernica,		6 strings		E3•A3•D4 D4•G4 G4
	Bordonua		10 strings		A2 A3•D4 D3•F3 F4•B3 B3•E4 E4
	Bouzouki		8 strings		C3 C4•F3 F4•A3 A3•D4 D4
	Bouzouki		6 strings		D3 D4•A3 A3•D4 D4
	Bouzouki, Irish				( See Irish bouzouki )
	Brac,		5 strings
	Brac,		6 strings		G3 G3•D4 D4•A4 A4
	Braguinha		4 strings		D4 G4 B4 D5
	Bugarija,		5 strings		Standard/common:
	Bugarija,		6 strings		Standard/common:
::

C

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Instrument	Strings & Courses	Tuning(s)	Alternative Names	Origin	Notes	Picture
	Cak		4 strings
	Cavaquinho		4 strings		Standard/common:
	Cello		4 strings		Standard/common:
	Celo		4 strings
	Čelovič,		4 strings		E2 A2 D3 G3
	Čelovič, Farkas		6 strings		D2•G2•C3 C3•G3 G3
	Cetera		16 strings		Standard/common:
	Chanzy		3 strings		Standard/common:
	Chapey		3 strings
	Chapman Stick		10 strings
	Chapman Stick,		12 strings
	Charango		10 strings		Standard/common:
	Charango, Hatun		7 or 8 strings
	Charangón		10 strings		Standard/common:
	Charango, Ranka		11 strings		G4 G4•C5 C5•E5 E4•A4 A4•E5 E5 E6•D4 D4•A4 A4•G5 G4•C5 C5•G5 G5 G6
	Chillador		10 strings		Standard/common:
	Chitarra battente		10 strings
	Chonguri		4 strings		Standard/common:
	Çiftelia		2 strings		B3 E4
	Cimbalom		[*] about 125 strings
	Cinco Cuatro		5 strings		G3•D4 D3•F4•B4
	Cinco Y Medio		5 strings		Standard/common:
	Cinco y Medio		6 strings		Standard/common:
	Cinco Seis				( See Seis Cinco )
	Cittern (long scale)		10 strings		Standard/common (aka "Irish"):
	Cittern		10 strings		Standard/common:
	Cittern (short scale)		10 strings		Standard/common:
	Crwth		5 strings		G2•C3•C2•D2•D3
	Cuatro Alto		10 strings
	Cuatro Antiguo		8 strings
	Cuatro Bajo		10 strings
	Cuatro Cubano		8 strings		Standard/common:
	Cuatro, Puerto Rican		10 strings
	Cuatro, Venezuelan		4 strings
	Cuatro Soprano		10 strings
	Cuk		3 strings
	Cümbüş		12 strings		Standard/common:
	Cümbüş, tambur		6 strings
	Cura		6 strings
	Cura		7 strings
	Cura		8 strings
::

D

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Instrument	Strings & Courses	Tuning(s)	Alternative Names	Origin	Notes	Picture
	Đàn bầu		1 string/		C3 [*]
	Đàn đáy		3 strings		G3•C4•F4
	Đàn nguyệt		2 strings		[ * ]
	Đàn nhị		2 strings		Standard/common:
	Đàn tranh		17 strings,		G3 A3 C4 D4 E4 G4 A4 C5 D5 E5 G5 A5 C6 D6 E6 G7 A7
	Daruan		4 strings		'''D2 A2 D3 A3''''
	Dihu		2 strings
	Diyinruan		4 strings		'''G1 D2 G2 D3''''
	Dombra		2 strings		Standard:
	Domra, alto		3 strings		E3•A3•D4
	Domra, alto		4 strings		C3•G3•D4•A4
	Domra, bass		3 strings		E2•A2•D3
	Domra, bass		4 strings		C2•G2•D3•A3
	Domra, contrabass		3 strings		Standard:
	Domra, contrabass		4 strings		E1•A1•D2•G2
	Domra, Mezzo-soprano		3 strings		B3•E4•A4
	Domra, piccolo		3 strings		B4•E5•A5
	Domra, piccolo		4 strings		C4•G4•D5•A5
	Domra, prima		3 strings		E4•A4•D5
	Domra, prima		4 strings		G3•D4•A4•E5
	Domra, tenor		3 strings		B2•E3•A3
	Domra, tenor		4 strings		G2•D3•A3•E4
	Dotara		4 strings		F3•C3•F4•B4
	Dotara		6 strings		G2 G3•C4•G4•G4•C5
	Double bass		4 strings		Standard/common:
	Double bass, 5-string		5 strings		Standard/common:
	Dranyen		7 strings		A3 A3•D4 D3 D3•G3 G3
	Dranyen		6 strings		A3 A3•D3 D3•G3 G3
	Dulcimer,		3–6 strings		Standard/common:
	Dulcimer,		4–8 strings		Common*:
	Dutar		2 strings		Standard/common:
::

E

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Instrument	Strings & Courses	Tuning(s)	Alternative Names	Origin	Notes	Picture
	Ektara		1 string		No standard; string is tuned to any convenient pitch.
	Epinette des Vosges		6 strings [*]		Common:
	Erhu		2 strings		D4 A4
::

F

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Instrument	Strings & Courses	Tuning(s)	Alternative Names	Origin	Notes	Picture
	Fegereng		2 strings		[*]
	Fiddle		4 strings		Standard/common:
::

G

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Instrument	Strings & Courses	Tuning(s)	Alternative Names	Origin	Notes	Picture
	Gabusi		6 strings		D g bb dd
	Gadulka		3 strings		A3 E3 A4
Gambus Hadhramaut	11 strings	C • G G • B B • A A • E E • D D		Malaysia, Indonesia	Related to oud	[[File:Musician playing gambus Hadhramaut at the Zubir Abdullah's Cinta, Cipta & Citarasa workshop concert in Malaysia- 8 Aug 2010.jpg
	Gaoyinruan		4 strings		G3 D4 G4 D5
	Gehu		4 strings		C2 G2 D3 A3
	Gekkin		4 strings		C3 C3 G3 G3 [*]
	Gekkin		4 strings		A3 D4 D4 D5
	Geyerleier		8 strings		Standard/common:
	Guitalele		6 strings		Standard/common:
	Guitar		6 strings		Standard:
	Guitar, alto		11 strings		B1 C2 D2 E2 F2 G2 C3 F3 B3 D4 G4
	Guitar, alto		13 strings		A1 B1 C2 D2 E2 F2 G2 A2 D3 F3 A3 D4 F4
	Guitar, alto (Niibori)		6 strings		Standard/common:
	Guitar, 7 string		7 strings		Standard/common:
	Guitar, 8 string (low/high)		8 strings		B1 E2 A2 D3 G3 B3 E4 A4
	Guitar, 8 string (added basses)		8 strings		[B1 D2] E2 A2 D3 G3 B3 E4
	Guitar, 9 string		9 strings		E3 E2•A3 A2•D4 D3•G3 B3 E4
	Guitar, 9 string		9 strings		E2• A2• D3• G4 G3•B3 B3•E4 E4
	Guitar, 9 string		9 strings		F1 B1 E2 A2 D3 G3 B3 E4 A4 [*]
	Guitar, 10 string		10 strings		F2 G2 A2 C2 E2 A2 D3 G3 B3 E4
	Twelve-string guitar, 12 string		12 strings		Standard/common:
	Guitar, baritone		6 strings		Common tunings:
	Guitar, bass		4 strings		Standard/common:
	Guitar, bass (5-string)		5 strings		Standard/common:
	Guitar, bass (6-string)		6 strings		Standard/common:
	Guitar, bass (8-string)		8 strings		E2 E1•A2 A1•D3 D2•G3 G2
	Guitar, bass (12-string)		12 strings		E2 E2 E1•A2 A2 A1•D3 D3 D2•G3 G3 G2
	Guitar, octave		6 strings		E3•A3•D4•G4•B4•E5
	Guitarra De Golpe		5 strings		Standard/common:
	Lute guitar		6 strings		Standard/common:
	Guitarro		6 strings		B4 F4 D5 A5 E5
	Guitarrón		6 strings		A1 D2 G2 C3 E3 A2
	Guitarron Argentino		6 strings		B1 E2 A2 D3 G3 B3
	Guitarrón chileno		24 or 25 strings total		diablitos, top: F5 A4
			Chile		4 short, unfretted strings are known as diablitos (little devils).
	Guitar, tenor		4 strings		Standard
	Guitar, terz		6 strings		G2 C3 F3 B3 D4 G4
	Guqin		7 strings		sol la do re mi sol la
	Gusli		9 strings		Standard/common:
::

H

::data[format=table]

Instrument	Strings & Courses	Tuning(s)	Alternative Names	Origin	Notes	Picture
	Halszither		9 strings		G2 • D3 D3 • G3 G3 • B3 B3 • D4 D4
	Hardingfele		4 strings		Standard/common:
	Harp, Concert		47 strings		C1 D1 E1 F1 G1 A1 B1
	Harp, Celtic		34 strings		C2 D2 E2 F2 G2 A2 B2
	Harpsichord		Varies[*]		[*]Typical:
	Harzither		8 strings		GG • CC • EE • GG
	Huapanguera		8 strings		G2 •D3 D4•G3 G3•B3 B3•E3
	Huobosi		4 strings		E2 A2 D3 G3
	Hurdy Gurdy		5 or 6 strings		Traditional:
::

I

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Instrument	Strings & Courses	Tuning(s)	Alternative Names	Origin	Notes	Picture
	Ichigenkin		1 string		no standard [*]
	Igil		2 strings		(E • B)
	Irish bouzouki		8 strings		Standard/common:
::

J

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Instrument	Strings & Courses	Tuning(s)	Alternative Names	Origin	Notes	Picture
	Jarana huasteca		5 strings		G3 • B3 • D4 • F4 • A4
	Jarana jarocha		8 strings
	Jarana jarocha requinto		4 strings		Standard/common:
	Jarana leona		4 strings		G2•A2•D3•G3
	Jouhikko		3 strings		D A E
::

K

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Instrument	Strings & Courses	Tuning(s)	Alternative Names	Origin	Notes	Picture
	Kabosy		6 strings		G • G • B B • D D
	Kacapi		6 strings		A• B •C •F• F
	Kamancheh		4 strings		D5•A5•D4•A4
Armenia,
Azerbaijan,
Uzbekistan,
Turkmenistan				[[File:Kamanche.jpg	110px]]
	Khonkhota		8 strings		G4 G3•C4•D4 D3•A3•D4 D4
	Kithara Sarda		6 strings		B2 E2 A2 D3 F3 B3
	Kobza		8 strings		Standard/common:
	Kokles		11 strings		G3 A3 C3 D3 E3 F3 G4 A4 B4 C4
	Komuz		3 strings		A E A
	Kora		21 strings		Traditional tunings:
	Koto		13 strings		Traditional tunings:
	Krachappi		4 strings		F2 F2 • B2 B2
	Kwitra		8 strings		GG • EE • AA • DD
::

L

::data[format=table]

Instrument	Strings & Courses	Tuning(s)	Alternative Names	Origin	Notes	Picture
	Laouto		8 strings		Standard/common:
	Laúd		12 strings		Standard/common:
	Laúd, Cuban		12 strings		D3 D3•F3 F3•B3 B3•E4 E4•A4 A4•D5 D5
	Laúd, Philippine		14 strings		F2•B2 B2•E3 E3•A3 A3 A3•D4 D4 D4•G4 G4 G4
	Lili'u		6 strings		G4 • C3 C4 • E4 • A3 A4
	Liuqin		4 strings		G3 • D4 • G4 • D5
	Liuto cantabile		10 strings		C2 C2•G2 G2•D3 D3•A3 A3•E4 E4
	Luc huyen cam		5 strings		Standard/common:
	Luc huyen cam		6 strings		Standard/common:
	Lute		[ * ]
	Cretan lyra		3 strings		D3 • A3 • E4
::

M

::data[format=table]

Instrument	Strings & Courses	Tuning(s)	Alternative Names	Origin	Notes	Picture
	Mandobass		4 strings		Standard/common:
	Mandobass		8 strings		Standard/common:
	Mandocello		8 strings		C2 C2•G2 G2•D3 D3•A3 A3
	Mandola		8 strings		C3 C3•G3 G3•D4 D4•A4 A4
	Mandolin		8 strings		G3 G3•D4 D4•A4 A4•E5 E5
	Mandolinetto		8 strings		G3 G3•D4 D4•A4 A4•E5 E5
	Mandolin, Octave		8 strings		Standard/common:
	Mandolin, piccolo		8 strings		C4 C4•G4 G4•D5 D5•A5 A5
	Mandriola		12 strings
	Manguerito		7 strings		D4•G4•B4 B3•E4•B4 B4
	Mejorana		5 strings
::

N

::data[format=table]

Instrument	Strings & Courses	Tuning(s)	Alternative Names	Origin	Notes	Picture
	Nevoud		11 strings		C2•F2 F2•B2 B2•E3 E3•A3 A3•D4 D4
	Nigenkin		2 strings		No standard [*]
	Nyckelharpa, standard		4 strings		C3 • G3 • C4 • A4
	Nyckelharpa, tenor		4 strings		G2 • D3 • G3 • E4
::

O

::data[format=table]

Instrument	Strings & Courses	Tuning(s)	Alternative Names	Origin	Notes	Picture
	Octavina		14 strings
	Octobass		3 strings		Berlioz/Musée de la Musique:
	Octofone		8 strings		* C2 C2•G2 G2•D3 D3•A3 A3
	Oud		11 strings
::

P

::data[format=table]

Instrument	Strings & Courses	Tuning(s)	Alternative Names	Origin	Notes	Picture
	Palida		4 strings		D3 • A3 • E4 • B4
	Panduri		3 strings		Standard/common:
	Pardessus de Viole		5 strings		Standard:
	Pedal Steel Guitar		[ * ]		Standard/common:
	Phin		3 strings		A3 E4 A4
	Piano		230 strings[*]		A0 A0 B0 C1 C1 D1 D1 E1 F1 F1 G1 G1
	Piano, Imperial Grand		249 strings[*]		C0 C0 D0 D0 E0 F0 F0 G0 G0 A0 A0 B0
	Pipa		4 strings		A2 D3 E3 A3
	Portuguese guitar		12 strings
	Prim				(See Bisernica, 5 string)
::

Q

::data[format=table]

Instrument	Strings & Courses	Tuning(s)	Alternative Names	Origin	Notes	Picture
Qanbūs	7 stings	C • D D • G G • C C	Gambus	Yemen		[[File:Qanbus Ahmad Al-Tashi.jpg
	Qinqin		3 strings		G3 D4 A5
::

R

::data[format=table]

Instrument	Strings & Courses	Tuning(s)	Alternative Names	Origin	Notes	Picture
	Rajao		6 strings		D4•G4•C4•E4•A4 (A4)
	Ramkie		4 strings		C3 F3 A3 C4
	Rebab		2 strings		D3 A3 [*]
	Requinto		6 strings		A2 D3 G3 C4 E4 A4
	Ronroco		10 strings		Standard Argentine (G6/Em7):
	Ruan				See under individual sizes
	Ruanqin				See Ruan
	Russian guitar		7 strings		Standard/common:
::

S

::data[format=table]

Instrument	Strings & Courses	Tuning(s)	Alternative Names	Origin	Notes	Picture
	Samica		4 strings		Standard/common:
	Sanshin		3 strings		Standard/common:
	Santur		72 strings
Turkey		This is common tuning for Dastgāh-e Šur		[[File:Santur1.jpg	150px]]
	Sanxian		3 strings		Standard/common:
	Sanxian, Large		3 strings
	Sarangi, Nepalese		4 strings		G4•C5•C5•G5
	Sargija		6 strings		C3 C3 • G3 G3 • D3 D3
	Seis Cinco		6 strings
	Setar		4 strings		C3 C4 • G3 • C4
	Shamisen		3 strings		Standard/common:
	Sitar		7 strings		** C2 G2 C3 F3 **
	Socavon		4 strings		G3 D4 A4 B2
	Strumstick		3 strings		Standard/common:
	Swedish lute (modern)		[*]		Standard / Common (12 strings / 12 courses):
::

T

::data[format=table]

Instrument	Strings & Courses	Tuning(s)	Alternative Names	Origin	Notes	Picture
	Tambura		8 strings
	Tambura		4 strings
	Tambura		4 strings
	Tar		6 strings		Common (for Dastgāh-e Šur)
	Tarica		5 strings		Standard/common:
	Taropatch		8 strings		Standard:
	Tembor		5 strings		A A•D•G G
	Terzin Kitarra		6 strings
	Theorbo		14 strings
	Timple		5 strings
	Tiple, American		10 strings
	Tiple, Columbian		12 strings		Standard/Traditional:
	Tiple de Menorca		5 strings		D4•G4•C5•E5•A5
	Tiple, Puerto Rican		5 strings
	Tiple Requinto		12 strings		Standard/Traditional:
	Tres,		6 strings		Standard/common:
	Tres,		9 strings		Standard/common:
	Tricordia		12 strings
	Tzouras		6 strings
::

U

::data[format=table]

Instrument	Strings & Courses	Tuning(s)	Alternative Names	Origin	Notes	Picture
	Ukulele, Baritone		4 strings		Standard/common:
	Ukulele, bass		4 strings
	Ukulele, contrabass ("UBass")		4 strings
	Ukulele, Concert		4 strings		Standard/common:
	Ukulele, Pocket		4 strings		Standard/common:
	Ukulele, Soprano		4 strings		Standard/common:
	Ukulele, Tahitian		8 strings
	Ukulele, tenor		4 strings		Standard/common:
::

V

::data[format=table]

Instrument	Strings & Courses	Tuning(s)	Alternative Names	Origin	Notes	Picture
	Veena		7 strings
	Vihuela		5 strings
	Viol, alto		6 strings
	Viol, baritone		6 strings
	Viol, bass		6 strings
	Viol, bass		7 strings
	Viol, contrabass		6 strings
	Viol, Soprano				See Pardessus de Viole
	Viol, tenor		6 strings
	Viol, treble		6 strings
	Viola		4 strings
	Viola amarantina		10 strings		D3 D2•A3 A2•B3 B2•E3 E3•A3 A3
	Viola beiroa		12 strings		D3•D3•A3 A2•D3 D2•G3 G2•B3 B3•D3 D3
	Viola braguesa		10 strings
	Viola caipira		10 strings
	Viola campaniça		10 strings
	Viola da gamba				See * Viol, tenor*
	Viola da terra		12 strings
	Viola de arame		9 strings
	Viola de cocho		5 strings
	Violão de sete cordas		7 strings		Standard/common:
	Viola sertaneja		10 strings		[*]
	Viola Terceira		15 strings
	Viola toeira		12 strings
	Violin		4 Strings
	Violin, tenor		4 Strings		Standard/common:
::

W

::data[format=table]

Instrument	Strings & Courses	Tuning(s)	Alternative Names	Origin	Notes	Picture
	Walaycho		10 strings		*Bolivian (F6):
	Waldzither, bass		9 strings		Standard/common:
	Waldzither, descant		9 strings		Standard/common:
	Waldzither, Heym		14 strings		Standard/common:
	Waldzither, piccolo		9 strings		Standard/common:
	Waldzither, tenor		9 strings		Standard/common:
::

X

::data[format=table]

Instrument	Strings & Courses	Tuning(s)	Alternative Names	Origin	Notes	Picture
	Xenorphica		73 strings		F1 F2 G1 G1 A1 A1 B1 C2 C2 D2 D2 E2[...] *
	Xiaoruan		4 strings		'''D3 A3 D4 A4''''
::

Y

::data[format=table]

Instrument	Strings & Courses	Tuning(s)	Alternative Names	Origin	Notes	Picture
	Yakumogoto				See Nigenkin
	Yaylı tambur		6 strings
	Yueqin		4 strings
	Yueqin,		2 strings
::

Z

::data[format=table]

Instrument	Strings & Courses	Tuning(s)	Alternative Names	Origin	Notes	Picture
	Zheng		18 strings		Common:
	Zhonghu		2 strings
	Zhongruan		4 strings		Standard/common:
	Zither, Alpine		5 fretted strings[*]		Fretted strings standard/common:
	Zither, Concert		5 fretted strings[*]		Fretted strings standard/common:
	Zither, guitar		Varies		Varied open string chord sets and chromatic or diatonic tuning of additional open strings. The string tuning is often printed on the instrument itself. See the picture. No frets nor fingerboard.
::

Zither tuning chart

::data[format=table]

ZITHER TUNING CHART	FRETTED	UNFRETTED	STRING	PITCH	Munich	Viennese	Notes:
Melody	Accompaniment	Basses	Countrabasses
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
A4	A4	D4	G3	C3	E4	B3	F4
A4	D4	G3	G3	C3	Ab4	E4	B3
Basic	Concert	Alpine
::

Notes

References

• Brody, David; The Fiddler's Fakebook: The Ultimate Sourcebook For The Traditional Fiddler; Music Sales America (1992).
• Dearling, Robert; Stringed Instruments; Chelsea House Publishing (2000).
• Hanson, Mark; The Complete Book of Alternate Guitar Tunings; Music Sales America (1995).
• Marcuse, Sibyl; Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary; W. W. Norton & Company (1975).
• Piston, Walter; Orchestration; W. W. Norton & Company (1955).
• Randell, D. M. (editor); Harvard Dictionary of Music, 4th Edition; Belknap Press of Harvard University Press (2003).

References

1. Marcuse, Sibyl; ''Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary''; W. W. Norton & Company (1975).
2. Randel, Don Michael, Ed.; ''The New Harvard Dictionary of Music''; Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press (1986). p. 211.
3. Backus, John; ''The Acoustical Foundations of Music''; New York: W. W. Norton & Company (1975).
4. Ibid. p. 60-61.
5. Ekkel, Bibs; ''Complete Balalaika Book''; Mel Bay: Pacific. Mo., 1997. pp.xiv, 92.
6. [https://64.media.tumblr.com/2ade4447d72bb617b34e224b9badf1d5/064d9ce63fa8e3f3-6c/s540x810/efcc4f08b7e2843cebe5ee56fe9e5c5aa1891a07.jpg Man Playing Contrabass Banjo]
7. [http://24.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lmcpvhDYxr1qb1o6yo1_400.jpg Man Playing Contrabass Banjo]
8. [https://www.nyberginstruments.com/long-scale-cittern Long Scale Cittern]
9. [https://www.nyberginstruments.com/mid-scale-cittern Mid Scale cittern]
10. [https://www.nyberginstruments.com/short-scale-cittern Short Scale Cittern]
11. [http://www.cuatro-pr.org/node/70 The two Puerto Rican cuatro traditions]
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. [https://www.bearmeadow.com/smi/rockwell.htm Rockwell Sorts Out the Differences]
16. '''See for Example:''' Hanson, Mark; ''The Complete Book of Alternate Tunings''; West Linn, Oregon: Accent of Music. (1995)
17. Smith, Eric; ''Piano Care & Restoration''; Blue Ridge Summit, Penn.: TAB Books, Inc. (1981). p. 60.
18. "The Swedish Lute 1".
19. [https://www.mandolinluthier.com/waldzither_tuning.htm Waldzither Tuning]

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