Stourhead

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Estate, grade I listed garden in England

title: "Stourhead" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["buildings-by-colen-campbell", "country-houses-in-wiltshire", "english-gardens-in-english-landscape-garden-style", "georgian-architecture-in-wiltshire", "grade-i-listed-buildings-in-wiltshire", "grade-i-listed-houses", "grade-i-listed-parks-and-gardens-in-wiltshire", "historic-house-museums-in-wiltshire", "hoare-family", "houses-completed-in-1725", "national-trust-properties-in-wiltshire", "palladian-revival-architecture-in-wiltshire", "1725-establishments-in-great-britain"] description: "Estate, grade I listed garden in England" topic_path: "arts" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stourhead" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Estate, grade I listed garden in England ::

::data[format=table title="Infobox historic site"]

Field	Value
name	Stourhead
image	Stourhead Bridge A.jpg
caption	The Palladian bridge and Pantheon
type	House and garden
coordinates
location	Stourton with Gasper, Wiltshire, England
locmapin	Wiltshire
map_relief	yes
architect	Colen Campbell
Henry Hoare II (landscape)
built	House: 1721–1724, destroyed in fire, rebuilt 1906
Gardens: 1741–1780
architecture	Neo-Palladian
governing_body	National Trust
designation1	Grade I listed building
designation1_offname	Stourhead House
designation1_date	6 January 1966
designation1_number	1131104
designation2	Historic garden
designation2_offname	Stourhead
designation2_date	1 September 1987
designation2_number	1000471
designation3	Grade I listed building
designation3_offname	The Palladian Bridge
designation3_date	6 January 1966
designation3_number	1131099
designation4	Grade I listed building
designation4_offname	The Pantheon
designation4_date	6 January 1966
designation4_number	1131102
designation5	Grade I listed building
designation5_offname	The Temple of Apollo
designation5_date	6 January 1966
designation5_number	1131100
::

The estate is about 2+1/2 mi northwest of the town of Mere and includes a Grade I listed 18th-century Neo-Palladian mansion, the village of Stourton, one of the most famous gardens in the English landscape garden style, farmland, and woodland. Stourhead has been part-owned by the National Trust since 1946.

House

The Stourton family had lived at the Stourhead estate for 500 years until they sold it to Sir Thomas Meres in 1714. His son, John Meres, sold it in 1717 to Henry Hoare, son of wealthy banker Sir Richard Hoare. The original manor house was demolished and a new house, one of the first of its kind, was designed by Colen Campbell and built by Nathaniel Ireson between 1721 and 1725.

Over the next 200 years, the Hoare family collected many heirlooms, including a large library and art collection. In 1902, the house was gutted by fire but many of the heirlooms were saved, and the house was rebuilt in a nearly identical style.

The last Hoare family member to own the property, Sir Henry Hugh Arthur Hoare, 6th Baronet, gave the house and gardens to the National Trust in 1946, one year before his death. His son and sole heir, Captain Henry Colt Arthur "Harry" Hoare, of the Queen's Own Dorset Yeomanry, had died of wounds received at the Battle of Mughar Ridge on 13 November 1917 during World War I. The last Hoare family member to be born at the house was Edward Hoare on 11 October 1949.

The house was recorded as Grade I listed in 1966.

Art collection

Henry Hoare's art collection is displayed at Stourhead; his acquisitions are featured in the Palladian mansion's 'Painted Alcove' or Italian Room. Hoare's collection includes many hand-coloured prints – in some cases, coloured with such skill that they were mistaken for oil paintings. These prints are engravings of the works of the Italian masters (for example Daniele da Volterra, and Carlo Maratta) and the hand-colouring is attributed to a "Mr. Studio", thought to be Giacomo Van Lint, the son of Flemish painter Hendrik van Lint (possibly in collaboration with his father).

Other buildings

Although the main design for the estate at Stourhead was the work of Colen Campbell, other architects were involved in its evolution through the years. William Benson, Henry Hoare's brother-in-law, was in part responsible for the building of the estate in 1719. Francis Cartwright, a master builder and architect, who was established as a "competent provincial designer in the Palladian manner", worked on Stourhead between 1749 and 1755. Cartwright was a known carver, presumably of materials such as wood and stone, and it is assumed that his contribution to Stourhead was in this capacity. Nathaniel Ireson is the master builder credited for much of the work on the Estate: it is this work that established his career, in 1720.

The original estate remained intact, though changes and additions were made over time. Henry Flitcroft built three temples and a tower on the property: the Temple of Ceres was added in 1744, followed by the Temple of Hercules in 1754 and the Temple of Apollo in 1765; that same year he designed Alfred's Tower, which was not built until 1772. During the ownership of Sir Richard Colt Hoare, the mason and surveyor John Carter added an ornamental cottage to the grounds (1806) and the architect William Wilkins created a Grecian style lodge (1816).

In 1840, over a century after the initial buildings were constructed, Charles Parker was hired by Sir Hugh Richard Hoare, 4th Baronet to make changes to the estate. A portico was added to the main house, along with other alterations. The design of the additions was in keeping with original plans.

Gardens and monuments

The lake at Stourhead is artificially created. Following a path around the lake is meant to evoke a journey similar to that of Aeneas's descent into the underworld. In addition to Greek mythology, the layout is evocative of the "genius of the place", a concept expounded by Alexander Pope. Buildings and monuments are erected in remembrance of family and local history. Henry Hoare was a collector of art; one of his pieces was Claude Lorrain's Aeneas at Delos, which is thought to have inspired the pictorial design of the gardens. Passages telling of Aeneas's journey are quoted in the temples surrounding the lake.

Monuments are used to frame one another; for example the Pantheon designed by Flitcroft entices the visitor over, but once reached, views from the opposite shore of the lake beckon. The use of the sunken path allows the landscape to continue on into neighbouring landscapes, allowing the viewer to contemplate all the surrounding panorama. The Pantheon was thought to be the most important visual feature of the gardens. It appears in many pieces of artwork owned by Hoare, depicting Aeneas's travels. The plantings in the garden were arranged in a manner that would evoke different moods, drawing visitors through realms of thought. According to Henry Hoare, 'The greens should be ranged together in large masses as the shades are in painting: to contrast the dark masses with the light ones, and to relieve each dark mass itself with little sprinklings of lighter greens here and there.'

The gardens were designed by Henry Hoare II and laid out between 1741 and 1780 in a classical 18th-century design set around a large lake, achieved by damming a small stream. The inspiration behind their creation were the painters Claude Lorrain, Poussin, and, in particular, Gaspard Dughet, who painted Utopian-type views of Italian landscapes. An early feature, predating the lake, is the Temple of Flora (1744–46) which now contains a replica of the Borghese Vase modelled in Coade stone dating from 1770 to 1771. Lakeside features include the five-arched Palladian Bridge at the eastern extremity of the lake; the Rockwork Bridge over the road to the south of the lake; and to the west the grotto and the Gothic Cottage summerhouse.

Also in the garden are a number of temples inspired by scenes of the Grand Tour of Europe. On one hill overlooking the gardens stand an obelisk of 1839 and King Alfred's Tower, a 50-metre-tall, brick folly designed by Henry Flitcroft in 1772; on another hill the temple of Apollo provides a vantage point to survey the rhododendrons, water, cascades and temples. The large medieval Bristol High Cross was moved from Bristol to the gardens. The gardens are home to a large collection of trees and shrubs from around the world.

Sir Richard Hoare, 2nd Baronet, the grandson of Henry Hoare II, inherited Stourhead in 1783. and the removal of several features that were not in keeping with the classical and gothic styles (including a Turkish Tent). He also considerably enhanced the planting – the Temple of Apollo rises from a wooded slope that was planted in Colt Hoare's time. With the antiquarian passion of the times, he had 400 ancient burial mounds dug up to inform his pioneering History of Ancient Wiltshire.

The gardens were listed Grade I on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in 1987.

In typography

The National Trust's corporate font, designed by Paul Barnes, is based on an inscription in the grotto, created around 1748. The inscription was destroyed in error around 1960 and a replica was made from photographs.

Gallery

File:S7300180.JPG|View taken from the Grotto, of the lake in autumn colours File:Stourhead Garden View from Above.JPG|Stourhead's lake and foliage as seen from a high hill vantage point File:Stourhead House - geograph.org.uk - 31721.jpg|Stourhead House File:Stourhead05.jpg|The Temple of Apollo high on a hill overlooking the gardens, based on a circular temple at Baalbec File:Stourhead 2022-05-03a.jpg|Gatehouse File:Temple of Flora-geograph-2911386.jpg|The Temple of Flora 1744–46 by Henry Flitcroft File:Jardins de Stourhead - Stourhead House.JPG|Entrance front File:Stourhead 2022-05-03l.jpg|Library File:Stourhead garden.jpg|Bridge 1762 and Pantheon File:Stourhead Pantheon.jpg|The Pantheon 1753–54 by Henry Flitcroft File:Stourhead, Pantheon, interior.jpg|interior Pantheon File:Stourhead, male statue in Pantheon, view toward roof.jpg|Statue in Pantheon File:Stourhead - Pont pal·ladià.JPG|Temple of Flora and Bridge File:Stourhead Grotto Cave.jpg|View from Grotto File:Statue in the grotto at Stourhead - geograph.org.uk - 1557607.jpg|River God in Grotto File:Sleeping Nymph, Stourhead.jpg|Sleeping nymph statue in the Grotto File:Grotto motto, Stourhead park (9313913818).jpg|Grotto text, a quotation from Pope File:Temple of Apollo, Stourhead - geograph.org.uk - 371744.jpg|Temple of Apollo 1757, by Henry Flitcroft File:The lake at Stourhead - geograph.org.uk - 26526.jpg|The Lake File:Stourhead Gardens in the spring - geograph.org.uk - 65797.jpg|Rhododendrons in flower File:Stourhead, The Temple of Apollo - geograph.org.uk - 211701.jpg|Temple of Apollo from the lake File:King Alfred's Tower view from west.jpg|King Alfred's Tower by Henry Flitcroft File:Stourhead, Watch Cottage.jpg|Gothic Cottage altered 1806 File:Stourhead 05 (4652484149).jpg|St Peter's Pump 15th century, relocated from Bristol to Stourhead 1766 File:The Boathouse - geograph.org.uk - 437236.jpg|Boathouse File:The Convent - geograph.org.uk - 886196.jpg|The Convent c.1765 File:The Obelisk at Stourhead - geograph.org.uk - 963383.jpg|The Obelisk 1839–40 File:Stourton, Bristol High Cross - geograph.org.uk - 484538.jpg|Bristol High Cross 1373 relocated to Stourhead 1764 File:Stourhead lake in midsummer - panoramio.jpg|The Lake

References

;Notes

;Bibliography

References

"Stourhead". Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary.
"National Trust – Stourhead". National Trust.
{{harvnb. Dodd. 1981
{{harvnb. Dodd. 1981
{{harvnb. Dodd. 1981
{{harvnb. Dodd. 1981
{{harvnb. Dodd. 1981
{{National Heritage List for England
Dodd, Dudley. (September 2016). "'Mr Studio's' Hand-Coloured Prints at Stourhead". Print Quarterly.
{{harvnb. Colvin. 1997
{{harvnb. Colvin. 1997
{{harvnb. Colvin. 1997
{{harvnb. Colvin. 1997
{{harvnb. Colvin. 1997
{{harvnb. Colvin. 1997
{{harvnb. Bergdoll. 2000
{{National Heritage List for England
{{harvnb. Bergdoll. 2000
{{harvnb. Woodbridge. 1970
{{harvnb. Woodbridge. 1970
{{National Heritage List for England
{{National Heritage List for England
{{National Heritage List for England
{{National Heritage List for England
{{National Heritage List for England
{{National Heritage List for England
{{National Heritage List for England
{{National Heritage List for England
He added the library wing to the mansion, and in the garden was responsible for the building of the boathouse{{National Heritage List for England|num=1199203|desc=Rockwork Boathouse|access-date=13 November 2017|fewer-links=yes}}
(12 October 2007). "Times Literary Supplement".
{{National Heritage List for England
"New look National Trust magazine rolls out".
"National Trust branding". Luke Charles.
(2014). "National Trust Brand Standards". National Trust.
"James Mosley: A Life in Objects".
(1999). "The nymph and the grot: the revival of the sanserif letter". Friends of the St Bride Printing Library.

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