Soomro

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Sindhi tribe in India and Pakistan

title: "Soomro" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["rajput-clans", "surnames", "sindhi-tribes", "rajput-clans-of-sindh", "maldhari-communities"] description: "Sindhi tribe in India and Pakistan" topic_path: "general/rajput-clans" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soomro" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Sindhi tribe in India and Pakistan ::

::data[format=table title="infobox caste"]

FieldValue
caste_nameSoomro
religions[[File:Star and Crescent.svg
languagesSindhi, Gujarati, Punjabi.
countryPakistan, India
regionSindh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab.
ethnicitySindhi
feudal_titleRaja, Rana
::

| caste_name = Soomro | caste_name_in_local = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | abbreviation = | varna = | gotra = | religions = [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|16px]] Islam | languages = Sindhi, Gujarati, Punjabi. | country = Pakistan, India | region = Sindh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab. | ethnicity =Sindhi | India_migration = | population = | family_names = | feudal_title =Raja, Rana | heraldic_title = | lineage = | subdivisions = | related = Soomro (Sindhi: , Devanagari: सूमरो), Soomra, Sumrah or Sumra is a tribe having a local origin in Sindh, Pakistan. They are found in Sindh, parts of Punjab especially bordering Sindh, Balochistan province, and the Kutch district of the Indian state of Gujarat and also Rajasthan. The Soomras ruled throughout the Sindh and Multan regions.

The Soomro tribe established the Soomra dynasty in 1025 CE, which re-established native Sindhi rule over Sindh following the Arab conquests. Many members of the Soomro tribe were among the first in Sindh to convert to Islam from Hinduism but initially continued to maintain several Hindu customs and traditions.

Origins

Many authors have presented conflicting accounts of Soomro's origins. Michel Boivin adds that: Maulai Shedai, a local researcher, believes Soomra are Parmar Rajputs. But Ahmad Hasan Dani claims "of this there is no definite proof" and adds that it is almost certain the tribe has local origins as the kings bore local names. M. H. Panhwar, a Sindhologist, also rejects a Rajput origin and attributes its to James Todd but still accepts native origin. Some writers have detailed about a subdivision in Jats with the name "Sumra". But Historian André Wink has mentioned that the Soomras were not Jats.

He has also explained that Soomras who were of local Sindhi origin and had been semi-independent rulers after the death of Mahmud of Ghazni were different to pastoral-nomadic Jats or Meds. As per him, rise of Soomras was one of the factor in movement of the Jats of lower Sindh towards north. Ghulam Hussain and others argue that the Soomros and other native tribes indigenous to Sindh slowly began to 'Ashrafize' themselves by remaking their genealogies to further associate themselves with Syeds whom they possibly intermarried and acquired power through.{{cite journal | last=Hussain | first=Ghulam | title=Dalits are in India, not in Pakistan: Exploring the Discursive Bases of the Denial of Dalitness under the Ashrafia Hegemony | journal=Journal of Asian and African Studies | publisher=SAGE Publications | volume=55 | issue=1 | date=2019-08-02 | issn=0021-9096 | doi=10.1177/0021909619863455 | pages=24 | s2cid=201404746 | quote= Soomra, Samma and Kalhora indigenous castes (locally known as Sammat) were further ashrafized. After conversion to Islam they intermarried with local Arab landowners and thus had acquired great influence and power. By furnishing Tuhfa-tul-Kiram and Beglar Namah, the two books on the history, as the reference, they reconstructed their genealogies to have roots in Arabs and in association with the Sayeds. Hence, the Soomras claimed to be Sumerian Arabs; Sammas, the descendants of Jamshed Abbasi of Persia, and Kalhoras traced their descent to Abbasid Khalifas

According to Tarikh Waqa`i Rajisthan, Soomras were Parmar Rajputs.

Pre-eminent Sindhi scholar Nabi Baksh Baloch tried to reconcile all different conflicting accounts of Soomra origin. He considered Soomras, a hybrid race that was mix of Sindhi-Arab blood, emerged after the Umayyad caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik’s decree asking Arab officers posted in Sindh to settle in the land permanently. Consequently they took Sindhi wives and subsequently married their daughters in Sindhi families. Hence, Dr. Baloch writes that:Soomras were descendents of these hybrid princes, whose ancestors, according to common legend, were either Arabs or their grand-sons on the mothers’ side.

Clans

Āsoo, Āripotra, Amrani, Alyasani, Buja (Baja), Bāghul, Babrani, Bhayani, Bhein, Bheinan, Bheiyani, Bākhri, Bhākhri, Bhāra, Bharpotra, Bhutani/Bhootani, Chhora, Chhutta, Chatta, Chattani, Chhatani, Chhodawar, Chāki, Dodai, Dodani, Dodepotra, Dhakkar, Dhukar, Dāsra, Dāgha/Dāga, Donar, Danoor, Detha, Dhakan, Dakan, Dakhan, Dowar, Farās, Galahi/Gulahi, Gan, Gāgnani, Gurchani, Gārhepotra, Hamir, Hamirani, Hamad, Halepotro, Holiani/Holani, Hassanpotra, Hamopotro/Hamupotro, Heesani, Heesbani, Hayatani, Hasnani, Issani, Inayatani, Jafrani, Jumrani, Jamrani, Jamarani, Jassani, Junsani, Jonsani, Jothia, Jiya, Jiyepotra, Jakhri, Jakhrepotra, Junejani, Kākar, Kachelo, Karmati, Kalhia/Kolhia, Kandipotra, Khafif, Khafipotra, Kula, Khebta, Khunbhati, Khenera, Khairani, Kala, Khato, Kukusaba, Kokri/Kaksia, Khuhawar, Lākhoria, Landar, Ladha, Luhār, Mundra, Matu, Muja, Moosepotra, Marzani, Muhammadpotro, Markan, Markanda, Markhand, Mastani, Mutkani/Matkani, Mirnani, Mirani, Mirzani, Matoi, Mahumia, Motipotra, Mundarpotra, Nurungpotra, Nurungzada, Niroti, Nangarpotra, Porgar, Panjani, Qiyasani, Ratar, Rukan, Raknani, Rainani, Rehanpotra, Rawa/Rawani, Rabu/Rabo, Rangrez, Sākroi, Sāmtio, Samathia, Sābra, Shaikhjapotra, Sākhpotra/Eshaqpotra, Supiya, Sānund, Shaja, Sathia, Sakriani/Sākriani, Sathian, Sāthani, Samisa, Sapiya, Saidha, Sājnani, Sanhiyan, Sanwand, Tāi, Tāipotra, Usta/Osta, Umarpotra, Umarani, Wāhara, Wardali.

References

References

  1. (2007). "The Arab Conquest". International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics.
  2. Sen, Sailendra. (2013). "A Textbook of Medieval Indian History". Primus Books.
  3. Kumari, Ashok Pratap Singh& Patiraj. (2007). "Psychological Implications in Industrial Performance". Global Vision Publishing House.
  4. (1 January 2002). "Al-Hind, Volume 2 Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th-13th Centuries". Brill.
  5. Siddiqui, Habibullah. "The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule – an overview (general survey) (1025 – 1351 AD)". Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh.
  6. (16 September 2021). "Indigenous People of Sindh". Brill.
  7. Dani, Ahmad Hasan. (2007). "History of Pakistan: Pakistan through ages". Sang-e Meel Publications.
  8. Panhwar, M.H.. (2003). "An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Soomra Kingdom of Sindh: 1011-1351 AD". Soomra National Council, Pakistan.
  9. (2004). "Re-Thinking Punjab: The Construction of Siraiki Identity". Research and Publication Centre (RPC), National College of Arts.
  10. Bhatia, S.. (1987). "Social Change and Politics in Punjab, 1898-1910". Enkay Publishers.
  11. Wink, André. (1991). "Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World". BRILL.
  12. Wink, André. (2002). "Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries". BRILL.
  13. Molai, Rahim Dad Khan. "Jannat Sindh - Sindhi Adabi Board Online Library (History)".
  14. "Soomran Jo Daur - Sindhi Adabi Board Online Library (History)".
  15. Khair Mohammad Buriro Sewhani. (2005). "ذاتين جي انسائيڪلوپيڊيا".

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