Sodium phosphide

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title: "Sodium phosphide" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["phosphides", "sodium-compounds"] topic_path: "general/phosphides" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_phosphide" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

| Verifiedfields = changed | Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 477000388 | ImageFile = Na3AsOffsetLayer.tif | Name = Sodium phosphide | OtherNames = sodium phosphide, trisodiophosphine | Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers | ChemSpiderID_Ref = | ChemSpiderID = 55463 | InChI = 1/3Na.P/q3*+1;-3 | InChIKey = FHHBFSHDCCEUKM-UHFFFAOYAE | SMILES = [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[P-3] | StdInChI_Ref = | StdInChI = 1S/3Na.P/q3*+1;-3 | StdInChIKey_Ref = | StdInChIKey = FHHBFSHDCCEUKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N | CASNo_Ref = | CASNo = 12058-85-4 | UNII_Ref = | UNII = A360RQX9W2 | PubChem = 61547 | EINECS = 235-031-0 | Section2 = {{Chembox Properties | Formula = Na3P | MolarMass = 99.943 g/mol | Appearance = red crystals | Solubility = hydrolysis | SolubleOther = insoluble in liquid CO2 | MeltingPtC = 650 | Density = 1.74 g/cm3 | Section3 = {{Chembox Structure | Coordination = around P 5 near neighbours, trigonal bipyramid | CrystalStruct = hexagonal a = 4.9512 Å c = 8.7874 Å | Section8 = {{Chembox Related | OtherAnions = sodium arsenide sodium nitride | OtherCations = aluminium phosphide lithium phosphide potassium phosphide Sodium phosphide is the inorganic compound with the formula Na3P. It is a black solid. It is often described as Na+ salt of the P3− anion. Na3P is a source of the highly reactive phosphide anion. It should not be confused with sodium phosphate, Na3PO4.

In addition to Na3P, five other binary compositions of sodium and phosphorus are known: NaP, Na3P7, Na3P11, NaP7, and NaP15.

Structure and Properties

The compound crystallizes in a hexagonal motif, often called the sodium arsenide structure. Like K3P, solid Na3P features pentacoordinate P centers.

Preparation

The first preparation of Na3P was first reported in the mid-19th century. French researcher, Alexandre Baudrimont prepared sodium phosphide by treating molten sodium with phosphorus pentachloride. : 8 Na(l) + PCl5 → 5 NaCl + Na3P

Many different routes to Na3P have been described. Due to its flammability and toxicity, Na3P (and related salts) is often prepared and used in situ. White phosphorus is reduced by sodium-potassium alloy: : P4 + 12 Na → 4 Na3P

Phosphorus reacts with sodium in an autoclave at 150 °C for 5 hours to produce Na3P.

Alternatively the reaction can be conducted at normal pressures but using a temperatures gradient to generate nonvolatile NaxP phases (x

Uses

Sodium phosphide is a source of the highly reactive and highly basic phosphide anion. The material is insoluble in all solvents but reacts as a slurry with acids and related electrophiles to give derivatives of the type PM3: :Na3P + 3 E+ → E3P (E = H, Me3Si) The trimethylsilyl derivative is volatile (b.p. 30-35 C @ 0.001 mm Hg) and soluble. It serves as a soluble equivalent to "P3−".

Indium phosphide, a semiconductor arises by treating in-situ generated "sodium phosphide" with indium(III) chloride in hot N,N’-dimethylformamide as solvent. In this process, the phosphide reagent is generated from sodium metal and white phosphorus, whereupon it immediately reacts with the indium salt:

: Na3P + InCl3 → InP + 3NaCl

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Polymer_rxn.svg" caption="polymerization of propene"] ::

Precautions

Sodium phosphide is highly dangerous releasing toxic phosphine upon hydrolysis, a process that is so exothermic that fires result. The USDOT has forbidden the transportation of Na3P on aircraft and trains due to the potential fire and toxic hazards.

References

References

  1. (2005). "Reinvestigation of Na3P based on single-crystal data". [[Acta Crystallographica.
  2. (2002). "A solvothermal synthesis of ultra-fine iron phosphide". [[Materials Research Bulletin]].
  3. ''Inorganic Chemistry'', Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman Elsevier 2001 {{ISBN. 0-12-352651-5
  4. Beister, H.J.; Syassen, K.; Klein, J."Phase transition of Na3As under pressure" ''Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B: Chemical Sciences'' 1990, volume 45, p1388-p1392. {{doi. 10.1515/znb-1990-1007
  5. (1864). [[Annales de chimie et de physique]]
  6. (1990). "Inorganic Syntheses".
  7. (2000). "Solvothermal preparation of tin phosphide nanorods". Materials Research Bulletin.
  8. (2000). "Self-Propagating Metathesis Routes to Metastable Group 4 Phosphides". [[Inorganic Chemistry (journal).
  9. Peterson, D. J. '''1967'''. US Patent No. 3,397,039.
  10. (2003). "A novel synthesis of indium phosphide nanoparticles". [[Materials Letters]].
  11. Kenneth L Barbalace. "Sodium phosphide". Chemical Database.

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