SARAL

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title: "SARAL" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["spacecraft-launched-in-2013", "earth-observation-satellites-of-india", "earth-satellite-radar-altimeters", "2013-in-india", "argos-(satellite-system)"] description: "Indian earth observation satellite" topic_path: "geography/india" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARAL" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Indian earth observation satellite ::

::data[format=table title="Infobox spaceflight"]

Field	Value
name	SARAL
names_list	Satellite with Argos and ALtiKa
image	SARAL.jpg
image_caption	An artist's rendering of SARAL satellite
image_size	300px
mission_type	Earth observation
operator	ISRO
COSPAR_ID	2013-009A
SATCAT	39086
website	https://isro.gov.in/
mission_duration	5 years (planned)
(in progress)
spacecraft	SARAL
spacecraft_bus	IMS-2
manufacturer	Indian Space Research Organisation / CNES
launch_mass	407 kg
dimensions	1 m x 1 m x 0.6 m
power	850 watts
launch_date	25 February 2013, 12:31 UTC
launch_rocket	Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle-CA, PSLV-C20
launch_site	Satish Dhawan Space Centre, First Launch Pad (FLP)
launch_contractor	Indian Space Research Organisation
entered_service	25 June 2013
orbit_reference	Geocentric orbit
orbit_regime	Sun-synchronous orbit
orbit_periapsis	790 km
orbit_apoapsis	791 km
orbit_inclination	98.54°
orbit_period	100.54 minutes
apsis	gee
instruments	Advanced Data Collection System ("Argos-3") (A-DCS)
Ka-band Altimeter (ALtiKa)
Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS)
Laser Retroreflector Array (LRA)
programme	Earth observation satellites series
previous_mission	RISAT-1
next_mission	Cartosat-2C
::

| name = SARAL | names_list = Satellite with Argos and ALtiKa | image = SARAL.jpg | image_caption = An artist's rendering of SARAL satellite | image_size = 300px

| mission_type = Earth observation | operator = ISRO | COSPAR_ID = 2013-009A | SATCAT = 39086 | website = https://isro.gov.in/ | mission_duration = 5 years (planned) (in progress)

| spacecraft = SARAL | spacecraft_type = | spacecraft_bus = IMS-2 | manufacturer = Indian Space Research Organisation / CNES | launch_mass = 407 kg | dry_mass = | dimensions = 1 m x 1 m x 0.6 m | power = 850 watts

| launch_date = 25 February 2013, 12:31 UTC | launch_rocket = Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle-CA, PSLV-C20 | launch_site = Satish Dhawan Space Centre, First Launch Pad (FLP) | launch_contractor = Indian Space Research Organisation

| entered_service = 25 June 2013 | disposal_type = | deactivated = | last_contact =

| orbit_reference = Geocentric orbit | orbit_regime = Sun-synchronous orbit | orbit_periapsis = 790 km | orbit_apoapsis = 791 km | orbit_inclination = 98.54° | orbit_period = 100.54 minutes | apsis = gee

| instruments = Advanced Data Collection System ("Argos-3") (A-DCS) Ka-band Altimeter (ALtiKa) Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS) Laser Retroreflector Array (LRA)

| programme = Earth observation satellites series | previous_mission = RISAT-1 | next_mission = Cartosat-2C

SARAL (Satellite with ARgos and ALtiKa) is a cooperative altimetry technology mission of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES). SARAL performs altimetric measurements designed to study ocean circulation and sea surface elevation.

Mission

A CNES / ISRO MOU (Memorandum of Understanding) on the SARAL mission was signed on 23 February 2007. The SARAL mission is complementary to the Jason-2 mission of NASA / NOAA and CNES / EUMETSAT. It will fill the gap between Envisat and the Sentinel-3 mission of the European Copernicus Programme (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security - GMES programme). The combination of two altimetry missions in orbit has a considerable impact on the reconstruction of sea surface height (SSH), reducing the mean mapping error by a factor of 4.

Instruments

The SARAL payload module was provided by CNES: ALtiKa (Ka-band altimeter), Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS), Laser Retroreflector Array (LRA), and ARGOS data collection system. ISRO is responsible for the satellite bus (Indian Mini Satellite-2), launch (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle), and operations of the satellite.

ARGOS Advanced-Data Collection System (A-DCS)

Main article: ARGOS (system)

Argos-3 of French National Space Agency (CNES), manufactured by Thales Alenia Space (TAS). ARGOS contributes to the development and operational implementation of the global ARGOS Advanced-Data Collection System. It will collect a variety of data from ocean buoys to transmit the same to the ARGOS ground segment for subsequent processing and distribution.

Ka-band altimeter (ALtiKa)

ALtiKa, the altimeter and prime payload of the SARAL mission, is the first spaceborne altimeter to operate at Ka-band.{{cite journal|last1=Steunou|first1=N.|last2=Desjonquères|first2=J. D. |last3=Picot|first3=N.|last4=Sengenes|first4=P.|last5=Noubel|first5=J.|last6=Poisson|first6=J. C.|title=AltiKa Altimeter: Instrument Description and In Flight Performance|journal=Marine Geodesy |publisher=Informa UK Limited|volume=38|issue=sup1|date=2015-09-10|issn=0149-0419|doi=10.1080/01490419.2014.988835|pages=22–42|bibcode=2015MarGe..38S..22S |s2cid=129770765 }} It was built by the French National Space Agency, CNES. The payload is intended for oceanographic applications, operates at 35.75 GHz.

While existing satellite-borne altimeters determine sea level by bouncing a radar signal off the surface and measuring the return-trip time, ALtiKa operates at a high frequency in Ka-band. The advantage of this is twofold. One, the atmosphere of Earth slows down the radar signal, so altimetry measurements are skewed and have to carry additional equipment to correct for this error. Since ALTIKA uses a different system, it does not have to carry an instrument to correct for atmospheric effects as current-generation altimeters do. ALtiKa gets around this problem by operating at a high frequency in Ka-band. Another advantage of operating at higher frequencies is greater accuracy. ALtiKa will measure ocean surface topography with an accuracy of 8 mm, against 2.5 cm on average using current-generation altimeters, and with a spatial resolution of 2 km. The disadvantage, however, is that high-frequency waves are extremely sensitive to rain, even drizzle. 10% of the data is expected to be lost. (Although this could be exploited to perform crude measurements of precipitation).

DORIS

DORIS (Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite): DORIS is a dual-frequency tracking system (400 MHz and 2 GHz) based on network of emitting ground beacons spread all over the world.

Laser Retroreflector Array (LRA)

LRA is provided by CNES. The objective of LRA is to calibrate the precise orbit determination system and the altimeter system several times throughout the mission. The LRA is a passive system used to locate the satellite with laser shots from ground stations with an accuracy of a few millimeters. The reflective function is done by a set of 9 corner cube reflectors, with a conical arrangement providing a 150º wide field of view over the full 360° azimuth angle.

Applications

SARAL data products is useful for operational as well as research user communities in many fields like:

• Marine meteorology and sea state forecasting
• Operational oceanography
• Seasonal forecasting
• Climate monitoring
• Ocean, Earth system and climate research
• Continental ice studies
• Protection of biodiversity
• Management and protection of marine ecosystem
• Environmental monitoring
• Improvement of maritime security

Secondary payloads

The six secondary payloads manifested on this flight were:

• BRITE-Austria (CanX-3b) and UniBRITE (CanX-3a), both of Austria. UniBRITE and BRITE-Austria are part of the BRITE Constellation, short for "BRIght-star Target Explorer Constellation", a group of 6.5 kg, 20 cm x 20 cm x 20 cm nanosatellites who purpose is to photometrically measure low-level oscillations and temperature variations in the sky's 286 stars brighter than visual magnitude 3.5.

• Sapphire (Space Surveillance Mission of Canada), a minisatellite with a mass of 148 kg.

• NEOSSat (Near Earth Object Surveillance Satellite), a microsatellite of Canada with a mass of ~74 kg.

• AAUSAT3 (Aalborg University CubeSat-3), a student-developed nanosatellite (1U CubeSat) of AAU, Aalborg, Denmark. The project is sponsored by DaMSA (Danish Maritime Safety Organization).

• STRaND-1 (Surrey Training, Research and Nanosatellite Demonstrator), a 3U CubeSat (nanosatellite) of SSTL (Surrey Satellite Technology Limited) and the USSC (University of Surrey Space Centre), Guildford, United Kingdom. STRaND-1 has a mass of ~4.3 kg.

The University of Toronto arranged for the launch to carry three small satellites for universities as part of its Nanosatellite Launch Services program, designated NLS-8: BRITE-Austria, UniBRITE and AAUSat3. The three NLS satellites used the XPOD (Experimental Push Out Deployer) separation mechanism of UTIAS/SFL for deployment. The STRaND-1 nanosatellite was deployed with the ISIPOD CubeSat dispenser of ISIS (Innovative Solutions In Space).

Launch

SARAL was successfully launched into a Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO) on 25 February 2013, at 12:31 UTC.

References

References

1. "SARAL". ISRO.
2. (4 January 2010). "Proposals Sought For Studying India-French Satellite Data". Space Mart.
3. "SARAL". NASA.
4. (11 May 2021). "SARAL". ESA Earth Observation Portal.
5. (2010-01-18). "GP - ALTIKA - Call for proposals until 15 February". CNES.
6. (15 February 2013). "Indo-French satellite SARAL set for launch on February 25". The Economic Times.
7. (25 February 2013). "Rocket PSLV-20 successfully puts seven satellites in orbit". Zee News.

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