Rush Rhees

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American philosopher (1905–1989)

title: "Rush Rhees" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["wittgensteinian-philosophers", "university-of-rochester-alumni", "1905-births", "1989-deaths", "academics-of-swansea-university", "people-from-rochester,-new-york", "alumni-of-the-university-of-edinburgh", "20th-century-american-philosophers", "american-emigrants-to-the-united-kingdom", "american-expatriates-in-scotland", "american-philosophers-of-language", "american-philosophers-of-religion", "students-of-ludwig-wittgenstein"] description: "American philosopher (1905–1989)" topic_path: "society/education" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_Rhees" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary American philosopher (1905–1989) ::

::data[format=table title="Infobox philosopher"]

FieldValue
regionWestern philosophy
era20th-century
nameRush Rhees
imagePhilosopher Rush Rhees (1905 – 1989).jpg
captionRush Rhees, photographed by Michael Nedo
birth_date
birth_placeRochester, New York, U.S.
death_date
death_placeSwansea, Wales
nationalityAmerican
school_traditionAnalytic philosophy
spouse{{plainlist
signature
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| region = Western philosophy | era = 20th-century | name = Rush Rhees | image = Philosopher Rush Rhees (1905 – 1989).jpg | alt = | caption = Rush Rhees, photographed by Michael Nedo | birth_name = | birth_date = | birth_place = Rochester, New York, U.S. | death_date = | death_place = Swansea, Wales | nationality = American | other_names = | notable_works = | fields = | institutions = | alma_mater = | school_tradition = Analytic philosophy | main_interests = | notable_ideas = | influences = | influenced = | awards = | spouse = {{plainlist|

  • Jean Henderson
  • Margaret 'Peg' Britton | signature =
    | signature_alt =

Rush Rhees (; 19 March 1905 – 22 May 1989) was an American philosopher. He is principally known as a student, friend, and literary executor of the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein. With G. E. M. Anscombe he was co-editor of Wittgenstein's posthumous Philosophical Investigations (1953), and, with Anscombe and G. H. von Wright, he co-edited Wittgenstein's Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics (1956). He was solely responsible for the editing of Philosophical Grammar (1974) and Philosophical Remarks (1975). Rhees taught philosophy at what is now Swansea University from 1940 until 1966, when he took early retirement to devote more time to editing Wittgenstein's works.

Early life and studies

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/RushRheesNYTimes1924.jpg" caption="Rush Rhees makes the front page of ''[[The New York Times]]'' in 1924."] ::

Rush Rhees was born on 19 March 1905 in Rochester, New York. He was the son of Harriet Chapin née Seelye (the daughter of Laurenus Clark Seelye) and her husband (Benjamin) Rush Rhees, a Baptist minister, author and president of the University of Rochester and, via the latter, the great-great-grandson of the radical Welsh-born preacher and pamphleteer Morgan John Rhys. Rhys, who fled to America from Wales in 1794 to avoid prosecution, was befriended and helped by Benjamin Rush. Rhys's appreciation was such that he named his second son Benjamin Rush Rhees (the surname having changed after emigration).

Rhees began studying philosophy at Rochester, aged 16, in 1922. As a sophomore, he was expelled from his ethics class by Professor George M. Forbes, who had "found his questionings rude and insolent." This controversy, which occurred in February 1924 while Rhees' father was out of the country, was reported on the front page of The New York Times. Rhees would withdraw from the university and leave for Scotland soon after.

Rhees matriculated at the University of Edinburgh later in 1924 where he was particularly influenced by John Anderson. Rhees was influenced by Anderson's left-wing social philosophy amongst other things, a sympathy he maintained for the rest of his life. He graduated with a first-class honours degree in philosophy there in 1928.

That same year he was appointed assistant lecturer, under J. L. Stocks, at the University of Manchester. This was a position he held for four years.

He then studied with Brentano scholar Alfred Kastil at the University of Innsbruck for a year.

In 1933 he became a research fellow at the University of Cambridge. While at Cambridge, he studied as a Ph.D. candidate under G. E. Moore. Rhees impressed Moore, who once described him as his ablest student, although Rhees proved unable to submit a dissertation.

Ray Monk reports that Rhees "had, at first, been put off attending Wittgenstein’s lectures by the mannerisms of Wittgenstein’s students." Rhees had however overcome these misgivings by February 1936 from which point he attended all the remaining lectures of that year. And, as Monk notes, he soon became one of Wittgenstein’s closest friends, remaining so until Wittgenstein’s death.

Though, as Mario Von Der Ruhr notes, it "marked the beginning, not just of a deep friendship, but of an intense philosophical conversation," Rhees' time as a formal student of Wittgenstein was rather short. Rhees returned to Manchester as a temporary Assistant Lecturer in 1937 then left academia to work as a welder in a factory until 1940.

In the 1940s Rhees considered joining the Trotskyist Revolutionary Communist Party. Previously he had been sympathetic to anarchism, publishing articles in the anarchist newspaper Freedom ( which had been founded by Peter Kropotkin ).

H. O. Mounce, a one-time student and later colleague, records that until middle age Rhees was "a militant atheist" holding "in the manner of Nietzsche, that religion was both false and servile" but, by the 1950s, his attitude entirely changed though it is unclear why this change came about. Though never a member of any church, Rhees became interested in, and sympathetic towards, Catholicism. Fergus Kerr identifies remarks in Rhees' nachlass that suggest "fairly sustained Mass-going over a period" and an expressed preference for the Latin mass over 'the vernacular'.

Career

Rhees taught philosophy at the then University College of Swansea from 1940 to 1966, when he took early retirement from the university to devote more time to editing Wittgenstein's works. He has been known mainly as a Wittgenstein exegete and for his influence on his philosophical colleagues at Swansea such as Peter Winch and R. F. Holland, and D. Z. Phillips (a one-time student of Rhees and later his literary executor). . Although he would not accept advancement to a senior lectureship, Rhees is credited by Hsu with exercising "extraordinary influence on the shape of the philosophy department and on the kind of philosophy done there" and, indeed, for bringing Winch, Holland and J. R. Jones into the department.

He was responsible for editing but also developing the legacy left by Wittgenstein, at times emphasising religious and ethical understandings of Wittgenstein's work, reflecting how Wittgenstein himself sometimes said he wanted to be understood. Together with G. H. von Wright and G. E. M. Anscombe he was appointed by Wittgenstein as his literary executor. He was also Wittgenstein's personal executor.

Rhees was also influential in bringing the work of other philosophers to greater attention, notably for example the French philosopher, Simone Weil. For a time, he was visiting professor at King's College London, and with Winch and Norman Malcolm (a fellow student from his Cambridge years), formed a 'formidable triumvirate' of Wittgensteinans.

Rhees returned to Swansea in 1982 after the death of his first wife Jean Henderson. In 1985 he would re-marry to artist and designer (Margaret) Peg Smythies, the widow of Wittgenstein disciple Yorick Smythies and the ex-wife of Barry Pink, a friend of Yorick's who had also been a friend to Wittgenstein during the last year of his life.

At Swansea Rhees continued to teach, leading weekly post-graduate seminars from 1983 and, in the Cambridge tradition, welcoming a few students in 'at home' sessions for more detailed discussions of their research work. He also attended weekly meetings of the University's Philosophical Society that he had founded around 1940 (and which had counted Wittgenstein as chief amongst the eminent philosophers who addressed it in the years when Rhees was still a lecturer). It was also a forum in which students were expected to test and sharpen their philosophical wits. It was clear in these seminars that Rhees was not only devoted to exegesis of one of the finest thinkers of the twentieth century, but was, in fact, constantly absorbed in developing his own profound insights in philosophy. He was self-effacing of his capacities and had to be persuaded to accept an honorary professorship at Swansea where he had previously turned down promotion during his teaching career. ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/RushRheesGrave.png" caption="267x267px]]Rhees died on 22 May 1989, and is buried at [[Oystermouth Cemetery]] in [[Mumbles]] near Swansea."] ::

A volume of essays in Rhees' honour was published that same year. This collection was edited by D.Z. Phillips and Peter Winch, containing essays by Cora Diamond, Norman Malcolm, David Cockburn, H. O. Mounce, Raimond Gaita and others. Numerous posthumous collections of Rhees' published works, notes and manuscripts appeared under the editorship of D. Z. Phillips in the years that followed.

Rhees' papers are held by Swansea University Archives.

Works

Books

  • Without Answers (1969)
  • Discussions of Wittgenstein (1970) Nachlass works prepared for publication by D. Z. Phillips:
  • Rush Rhees On Religion and Philosophy (1997)
  • Wittgenstein and the Possibility of Discourse (1998, 2nd edition 2006)
  • Moral Questions (1999)
  • Discussions of Simone Weil (1999)
  • Wittgenstein's On Certainty: There - Like Our Life (2003)
  • In Dialogue with the Greeks (2004)
    • Volume I: The Presocratics and Reality
    • Volume II: Plato and Dialectic

Select papers and book chapters

Edited works

(incomplete)

(Co-)edited works by Wittgenstein:

Other edited works:

References

References

  1. Phillips, D. Z.. (2006). "Rhees, Rush". Continuum.
  2. Phillips, D.Z.. (1989-06-18). "Wittgenstein: Attention to Particulars Essays in honour of Rush Rhees (1905–89)".
  3. Phillips, D. Z. (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20211026134935/https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-65652 "Rhees, Rush (1905–1989)".] ''[[Dictionary of National Biography#Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'' (online ed.). Oxford University Press. Archived from [https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-65652 the original] on 26 October 2021.
  4. Kimball, Bruce A.. (1999). "Rhees, Rush (1860-1939), Baptist minister and university president".
  5. (1924-02-28). "Radicalism of Rochester President's Son Causes Professor to Bar Youth From Class". The New York Times.
  6. (2016-03-24). "When Rush Rhees' son dropped out".
  7. (1999). "Reviews". [[New Blackfriars]].
  8. "Rush Rhees Collection - Archives Hub".
  9. see the [https://books.google.com/books?id=UjE9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PR11 biographical sketch] by D. Z. Phillips in Rhees' ''On Religion and Philosophy'', 1997
  10. Monk, Ray. (1990). "Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius". New York : Free Press : Maxwell Macmillan International.
  11. Von Der Ruhr, Mario. (2009-12-31). "Chapter 9. Rhees, Wittgenstein, and the Swansea School". De Gruyter.
  12. (1997). "Rush Rhees on religion and philosophy". Cambridge University Press.
  13. (1998). "Wittgenstein and the possibility of discourse". Cambridge University Press.
  14. Mounce, H.O.. (2020). "On the Differences Between Rush Rhees and Simone Weil". [[Philosophical Investigations (journal).
  15. Rhees, Rush.. (2004). "In Dialogue with the Greeks: Volume I: The Presocratics and Reality". Ashgate.
  16. Hertzberg, Lars. (2023-02-23). "The Creation of Wittgenstein: Understanding the Roles of Rush Rhees, Elizabeth Anscombe and Georg Henrik von Wright". Bloomsbury Publishing.
  17. Hsu, Andrew. (29 January 2011). "Sense and Reality: Essays out of Swansea". Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews.
  18. Colin Lyas, "Peter Winch", Acumen Press, 1999, p. 4
  19. "About".
  20. Hayes, John. (2018). "Wittgenstein's Irish Cottage". History Ireland.
  21. Reinhardt., Lloyd. (October 1992). "Wittgenstein: Attention to Particulars. Essays in Honour of Rush Rhees (1905-1989)". [[Philosophical Books]].
  22. (1989). "Wittgenstein: Attention to Particulars". Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  23. Geach, P. T.. (1971). "Review of Without Answers.". [[The Journal of Philosophy]].
  24. W., J. V.. (1971). "Review of Discussions of Wittgenstein". [[The Review of Metaphysics]].
  25. Dilman, Ilham. (October 1970). "Discussions of Wittgenstein". [[Philosophical Books]].
  26. Hertzberg, Lars. (2001-10-01). "Rush Rhees on Philosophy and Religious Discourse". [[Faith and Philosophy.
  27. Kerr, Fergus. (1999). "Review of RUSH RHEES ON RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY; WITTGENSTEIN AND THE POSSIBILITY OF DISCOURSE, D.Z. Phillips". [[New Blackfriars]].
  28. Cockburn, David. (January 2002). "Rush Rhees, Wittgenstein and the Possibility of Discourse". [[Philosophical Investigations (journal).
  29. "Wittgenstein and the Possibility of Discourse, 2nd Edition {{!}} Wiley".
  30. [[Richard Joyce (philosopher). Joyce, Richard]] “Review of Rush Rhees’ Moral Questions.” ''Philosophical Books'' 41 (2000). [http://personal.victoria.ac.nz/richard_joyce/acrobat/joyce_2000_review.rhees.pdf Penultimate draft.]
  31. Gaita, Raymond. (January 2002). "Rush Rhees, Moral Questions". Philosophical Investigations.
  32. Bell, Richard H.. (2001). "Review of Simone Weil and the Intellect of Grace; Discussions of Simone Weil". [[The Journal of Religion]].
  33. Dwyer, Phil. (2005). "Wittgenstein's On Certainty: There—Like Our Life Rush Rhees Edited by D. Z. Phillips Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003, x + 195 pp., $64.95". [[Dialogue journal.
  34. Sayre, Patricia. (3 August 2005). "In Dialogue with the Greeks, Volume I: The Presocratics and Reality; Volume II: Plato and Dialectic".
  35. Northwood, Heidi. (October 2006). "In Dialogue with the Greeks (Vol. I: The Presocratics and Reality; Vol. II: Plato and Dialectic) – Rush Rhees, Edited by D. Z. Phillips". Philosophical Investigations.
  36. White, Alan R.. (1977). "Review of Philosophical Remarks". Metaphilosophy.
  37. Malcolm, Norman. (1981-11-19). "Wittgenstein's Confessions". London Review of Books.
  38. Loner, David. (2024-07-29). "Thomas Wallgren (ed.): The Creation of Wittgenstein: Understanding the Roles of Rush Rhees, Elizabeth Anscombe, and Georg Henrik von Wright. 2023". Wittgenstein-Studien.

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wittgensteinian-philosophersuniversity-of-rochester-alumni1905-births1989-deathsacademics-of-swansea-universitypeople-from-rochester,-new-yorkalumni-of-the-university-of-edinburgh20th-century-american-philosophersamerican-emigrants-to-the-united-kingdomamerican-expatriates-in-scotlandamerican-philosophers-of-languageamerican-philosophers-of-religionstudents-of-ludwig-wittgenstein