RIG-I

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Mammalian protein found in humans

title: "RIG-I" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["helicases", "rig-i-like-receptors", "intracellular-receptors"] description: "Mammalian protein found in humans" topic_path: "general/helicases" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIG-I" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Mammalian protein found in humans ::

RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene I) is a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that can mediate induction of a type-I interferon (IFN1) response. RIG-I is an essential molecule in the innate immune system for recognizing cells that have been infected with a virus. These viruses can include West Nile virus, Japanese Encephalitis virus, influenza A, Sendai virus, flavivirus, and coronaviruses.

RIG-I is an ATP-dependent DExD/H box RNA helicase that is activated by immunostimulatory RNAs from viruses as well as RNAs of other origins. RIG-I recognizes short double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in the cytosol with a 5' tri- or di-phosphate end or a 5' 7-methyl guanosine (m7G) cap (cap-0), but not RNA with a 5' m7G cap having a ribose 2′-O-methyl modification (cap-1). These are often generated during a viral infection but can also be host-derived. Once activated by the dsRNA, the N-terminus caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARDs) migrate and bind with CARDs attached to mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) to activate the signaling pathway for IFN1.

Type-I IFNs have three main functions: to limit the virus from spreading to nearby cells, promote an innate immune response, including inflammatory responses, and help activate the adaptive immune system. Other studies have shown that in different microenvironments, such as in cancerous cells, RIG-I has more functions other than viral recognition. RIG-I orthologs are found in mammals, geese, ducks, some fish, and some reptiles. RIG-I is in most cells, including various innate immune system cells, and is usually in an inactive state. Knockout mice that have been designed to have a deleted or non-functioning RIG-I gene are not healthy and typically die embryonically. If they survive, the mice have serious developmental dysfunction. The stimulator of interferon genes STING antagonizes RIG-I by binding its N-terminus, probably as to avoid overactivation of RIG-I signaling and the associated autoimmunity.

Structure

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/RIG-I_active_and_inactive.jpg" caption="This image shows the basic structure of RIG-I while it is inactive and active. Shown are the N-terminus CARDs, the DExD/H helicase domain, and the C-terminus repressor domain (RD). Included on the active structure is the most common RIG-I PAMP, dsRNA with a 5' triphosphate (5'ppp)."] ::

RIG-I is encoded by the DDX58 gene in humans. RIG-I is a helical ATP-dependent DExD/H box RNA helicase with a repressor domain (RD) on the C-terminus that binds to the target RNA. Included on the N-terminus are two caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARDs) that are important for interactions with mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS). RIG-I is a member of the RIG-I like receptors (RLRs) that also includes Melanoma Differentiation-Associated protein 5 (MDA5) and Laboratory of genetics physiology 2 (LGP2). RIG-I and MDA5 are both involved in activating MAVS and triggering an antiviral response.

Functions

As a pattern recognition receptor

Pattern recognition receptors

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a part of the innate immune system used for recognizing invaders. In a viral infection, a virus enters a cell, and it takes over the cell's machinery to self replicate. Once a virus has begun replication, the infected cell is no longer useful and potentially harmful to its host, and the host's immune system must be notified. RIG-I functions as a pattern recognition receptor and PRR's are the molecules that start the notification process. PRRs recognize specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP). Once the PAMP is recognized, it can then lead to a signaling cascade producing an inflammatory response or an interferon response. PRRs are located in many different cell types, however most notably active in the innate immune system cells. In addition, they are located in many different parts of those cells, such as the cell membrane, endosomal membrane, and in the cytosol, to provide the most protection against many types of invaders (i.e., extracellular and intracellular microbes).

RIG-I PAMPs

RIG-I is located in the cytoplasm where its function is to recognize its PAMP, which are ideally short (1 2'O-Methyl self RNA marker that deters RIG-I from binding. Another source of RIG-I PAMPS are double stranded RNA (dsRNA) byproducts of in vitro transcription reaction, which is used for mRNA-based drugs and vaccines production. In vitro transcribed RNAs initiated with 5′-triphosphorylated adenosine generate significantly greater levels of highly immunogenic dsRNAs, compared to their 5′-triphosphorylated guanosine counterparts.

Type-1 interferon pathway

RIG-I is a signaling molecule and is usually in a condensed resting state until it is activated. Once RIG-I is bound to its PAMP, molecules such as PACT and zinc antiviral protein short isoform (ZAPs), help keep RIG-I in an activated state which then keeps the caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARDs) ready for binding. The molecule will migrate to the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) CARD domain and bind. RIG-I CARD interactions have their own regulatory system. Although RIG-I expresses a CARD at all times, it must be activated by the ligand before it will allow both CARDs to interact with the MAVS CARD. This interaction will start the pathway to making proinflammatory cytokines and type-1 Interferon (IFN1;IFNα and IFNβ), which create an antiviral environment. Once the IFN1s leave the cell, they can bind to IFN1 receptors on the cell surface from which they came from, or other cells close by. This will upregulate the production of more IFN1s, boosting an antiviral environment. IFN1 also activates the JAK-STAT pathway, leading to the production of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs).

In cancer cells

Usually, RIG-I recognizes foreign RNA. However, it can sometimes recognize "self" RNAs. RIG-I has been shown to enable breast cancer cells (BrCa) to resist treatments and grow because of an IFN response to noncoding RNA. In contrast, RIG-I in other types of cancer, such as acute myeloid leukemia and hepatocellular carcinoma, can act as a tumor suppressor. If cancer causing viruses infect a cell, however, RIG-I can lead to cell death. Cell death can occur via apoptosis via the caspase-3 pathway, or through IFN-dependent T cells and natural killer cells.

Identification and naming

In 2000, RIG-I was named by researchers from the Shanghai Institute of Hematology who identified novel genes that respond to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in leukemia cells. RIG-I and the other genes were assigned the temporary name of RIG (retinoic acid–induced gene) in the format of RIG-A, RIG-B etc by the group, however they performed no additional characterization on RIG-I.

References

References

  1. (May 2015). "RIG-I in RNA virus recognition". Virology.
  2. (February 2011). "RIG-I-mediated antiviral signaling is inhibited in HIV-1 infection by a protease-mediated sequestration of RIG-I". Journal of Virology.
  3. (October 2014). "Antiviral immunity via RIG-I-mediated recognition of RNA bearing 5'-diphosphates". Nature.
  4. (January 2016). "Structural basis for m7G recognition and 2'-O-methyl discrimination in capped RNAs by the innate immune receptor RIG-I". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
  5. (2019). "Comparative Structure and Function Analysis of the RIG-I-Like Receptors: RIG-I and MDA5". Frontiers in Immunology.
  6. (March 2018). "RIG-I: a multifunctional protein beyond a pattern recognition receptor". Protein & Cell.
  7. (January 2018). "Viral unmasking of cellular 5S rRNA pseudogene transcripts induces RIG-I-mediated immunity". Nature Immunology.
  8. (November 2018). "RIG-I like receptor sensing of host RNAs facilitates the cell-intrinsic immune response to KSHV infection". Nature Communications.
  9. (January 2014). "Regulation of type I interferon responses". Nature Reviews. Immunology.
  10. (January 2021). "cGAS-STING effectively restricts murine norovirus infection but antagonizes the antiviral action of N-terminus of RIG-I in mouse macrophages". Gut Microbes.
  11. "DDX58 DExD/H-box helicase 58 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI".
  12. (August 2011). "MAVS forms functional prion-like aggregates to activate and propagate antiviral innate immune response". Cell.
  13. (2018). "Pattern Recognition Receptors and the Host Cell Death Molecular Machinery". Frontiers in Immunology.
  14. (January 2010). "LGP2 is a positive regulator of RIG-I- and MDA5-mediated antiviral responses". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
  15. (August 2023). "Advancements of in vitro transcribed mRNA (IVT mRNA) to enable translation into the clinics". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews.
  16. (December 2024). "5' terminal nucleotide determines the immunogenicity of IVT RNAs". Nucleic Acids Research.
  17. (June 2019). "Significance and Role of Pattern Recognition Receptors in Malignancy". Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis.
  18. (August 2000). "Gene expression networks underlying retinoic acid-induced differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukemia cells". Blood.

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helicasesrig-i-like-receptorsintracellular-receptors