Pterocarya
Genus of trees
title: "Pterocarya" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["pterocarya"] description: "Genus of trees" topic_path: "general/pterocarya" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterocarya" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0
::summary Genus of trees ::
::callout[type=note] the tree ::
|image = Pterocarya-rhoifolia-Detail.jpg |image_caption = Japanese Wingnut (Pterocarya rhoifolia) |display_parents = 3 |taxon = Pterocarya |authority = Nutt. ex Moq. |subdivision_ranks = Species |subdivision = See text
Pterocarya, often called wingnuts in English, are trees in the walnut family Juglandaceae. They are native to Asia and parts of the Europe. The botanic name is from Ancient Greek πτερόν (pteron) "wing" + κάρυον (karyon) "nut". The genus is of particular scientific interest as a classic relict lineage, with a modern distribution disjunct between East Asia and the Caucasus–West Asian region, while its fossil record shows it was once widespread across much of the Northern Hemisphere. Many fossils are known from the New World and the genus survived in the New world till the Pliocene. Most species of wingnuts are large, fast-growing trees, often associated with riverbanks, floodplains, and moist temperate forests. They are characterized by pinnate leaves, monoecious flowers, and fruits with lateral wings that aid wind and water dispersal. Several species, such as Pterocarya stenoptera and Pterocarya fraxinifolia, are widely cultivated as ornamental or shade trees due to their graceful form and tolerance of wet soils.
Description
Pterocarya are deciduous trees, 10–40 m tall, with pinnate leaves 20–45 cm long, with 11–25 leaflets; the shoots have chambered pith, a character shared with the walnuts (Juglans) but not the hickories (Carya) in the same family.
The flowers are organized in male and female catkins in the same tree. Therefore the species is monoecius. The seed catkins when mature (about six months after pollination) are pendulous, 15–45 cm long, with 20–80 seeds strung along them.
The seeds are a small nut 5–10 mm across, with two wings, one each side. In some of the species, the wings are short (5–10 mm) and broad (5–10 mm), in others longer (10–25 mm) and narrower (2–5 mm).
They are flood tolerant as they develop lenticels and aeration pathways that help oxygen diffuse from shoots to submerged roots, reducing hypoxia damage during flooding events.
They also exhibit some drought tolerance because they respond to water stress by accumulating soluble sugars, which help cells retain water and maintain turgor pressure.
Species
There are six species. ::data[format=table]
| Image | Scientific name | Common name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| [[File:Bad-homburg-kurpark-fluegelnuss-011.jpg | 120px]] | Pterocarya fraxinifolia | Caucasian wingnut |
| [[File:Pterocarya hupehensis (Hubei Wingnut, Hupeh Wingnut) (24374694208).jpg | 120px]] | Pterocarya hupehensis | Hubei wingnut |
| [[File:Pterocarya macroptera var. insignis - Quarryhill Botanical Garden - DSC03279.JPG | 120px]] | Pterocarya macroptera | Large-winged wingnut |
| [[File:Pterocarya-rhoifolia-Detail.jpg | 120px]] | Pterocarya rhoifolia | Japanese wingnut |
| [[File:Pterocarya stenoptera.jpg | 120px]] | Pterocarya stenoptera | Chinese wingnut |
| [[File:Pterocarya tonkinensis - Kunming Botanical Garden - DSC02931.JPG | 120px]] | Pterocarya tonkinensis | Tonkin wingnut |
| :: |
Another species from China, the wheel wingnut with similar foliage but an unusual circular wing right round the nut (instead of two wings at the sides), previously listed as Pterocarya paliurus, has now been transferred to a new genus, as Cyclocarya paliurus.
Hybrids
- Pterocarya × rehderiana - (P. fraxinifolia × P. stenoptera).
Uses
Wingnuts are very attractive, large and fast-growing trees, occasionally planted in parks and large gardens. The most common in general cultivation outside Asia is P. fraxinifolia, but the most attractive is probably P. rhoifolia. The hybrid P. × rehderiana, a cross between P. fraxinifolia and P. stenoptera, is even faster-growing and has occasionally been planted for timber production. The wood is of good quality, similar to walnut, though not quite so dense and strong.
References
- (2017-11-02). "Phylogenetic relationships of Pterocarya (Juglandaceae) with an emphasis on the taxonomic status of Iranian populations using ITS and trn H- psb A sequence data". Plant Biosystems - an International Journal Dealing with All Aspects of Plant Biology.
- (2020-11-09). "Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Biogeography of Pterocarya (Juglandaceae)". Plants.
- (June 2022). "New Observations on the Last Pterocarya (Juglandaceae) Occurrences in Eastern North America". International Journal of Plant Sciences.
- (2024). "Biogeographic history of Pterocarya (Juglandaceae) inferred from phylogenomic and fossil data". Journal of Systematics and Evolution.
- "Pterocarya - Trees and Shrubs Online".
- (2016-03-01). "Photosynthesis and growth adaptation of Pterocarya stenoptera and Pinus elliottii seedlings to submergence and drought". Photosynthetica.
- (2021-03-04). "Comparative analysis of drought-responsive and -adaptive genes in Chinese wingnut (Pterocarya stenoptera C. DC)". BMC Genomics.
::callout[type=info title="Wikipedia Source"] This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page. ::