Presbytis

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Genus of south-east Asian monkeys

title: "Presbytis" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["presbytis", "taxa-named-by-johann-friedrich-von-eschscholtz", "primate-genera"] description: "Genus of south-east Asian monkeys" topic_path: "general/presbytis" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbytis" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Genus of south-east Asian monkeys ::

| image = Presbytis comata 53175454.jpg | image_caption = Javan surili | taxon = Presbytis | authority = Eschscholtz, 1821 | display_parents = 2 | type_species = Presbytis mitrata | type_species_authority = Eschsholtz, 1821 (= Simia melalophos Raffles, 1821) | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = 11, see text

Presbytis is a genus of Old World monkeys also known as langurs, leaf monkeys, or surilis. Members of the genus live in the Thai-Malay Peninsula, on Sumatra, Borneo, Java and smaller nearby islands.

Description

Surilis are rather small, slimly built primates. Their fur at the top is brown, grey, black, or orange, and at the lower surface whitish or greyish, sometimes also orange, with some species having fur designs at the head or at the hips. Their German name of Mützenlanguren ("capped langurs") comes from the hair on their head, which forms a tuft. They differ from the other langurs by characteristics in the shape of their head (particularly the poorly developed or absent brow ridges, and the prominent nasal bones), in the teeth, and by the size of their small thumbs. Surilis range in adult length from 40 to 60 cm (with a 50- to 85-cm-long tail) and a weight of 5 to 8 kg.

Behaviour

Diurnal forest dwellers, they spend nearly their entire lives in the trees. They live in groups of up to 21 animals (typically 10 or fewer animals in most species) consisting of a male, several females, and their young. A few species have been observed in monogamous pairings (particularly the Mentawai langur), although this might be a reaction to the decrease of their habitat. Lone males and all-male groups have also been reported. The groups are hierarchically developed, with intergroup communication that is both vocal and postural.

Diet

The surilis' diet consists of leaves, fruits, and seeds.

Breeding

Gestation time is 5–6 months, and births are typically of single young. Newborn animals are white colored and have a black strip at the back, although some have a cross-shaped mark. By one year old, the young are weaned and at an age of 4–5 years, they are fully mature. The typical life expectancy in the wild remains poorly known for most species, but captive Sumatran surilis have lived more than 18 years.

Conservation

Several species in this genus are restricted to regions with extensive habitat destruction, and are also threatened by hunting. Consequently, 16 of the 19 species are rated as vulnerable or worse by IUCN, and the Sarawak surili has been referred to as "one of the rarest primates in the world." Recently, a subspecies of Hose's langur called Miller's grizzled langur, thought to be extinct, was rediscovered in the Wehea Forest on the eastern tip of Borneo island, though it remains one of the world's most endangered primates.

Taxonomy

Two other genera, Trachypithecus and Semnopithecus, were formerly considered subgenera of Presbytis.

|name=Black Sumatran langur |binomial=P. sumatrana |image= |image-size=117px |image-alt= |authority-name=S. Müller & Schlegel |authority-year=1841 |authority-not-original=yes |range=Island of Sumatra in Indonesia |range-image= |range-image-size=180px |size=42 – long, plus 50 – tail |habitat=Forest |hunting=Fruit, leaves, seeds and flowers |iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown |direction= |name=Black-and-white langur |binomial=P. bicolor |image= |image-size=117px |image-alt= |authority-name=Aimi & Bakar |authority-year=1992 |authority-not-original= |range=Island of Sumatra |range-image= |range-image-size=180px |size=42 – long, plus 50 – tail |habitat=Forest |hunting=Fruit, seeds, and leaves |iucn-status=DD |population=Unknown |direction= |name=Black-crested Sumatran langur |binomial=P. melalophos |image=File:Presbytis melalophos 78991441.jpg |image-size=120px |image-alt=Gray and brown monkey |authority-name=Raffles |authority-year=1821 |authority-not-original=yes |range=Island of Sumatra |range-image=File:Sumatran_Surili_area.png |range-image-size=180px |size=42 – long, plus 50 – tail |habitat=Forest and shrubland |hunting=Fruits and leaves, as well as seeds and flowers |iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown |direction= |name=East Sumatran banded langur |binomial=P. percura |image= |image-size=117px |image-alt= |authority-name=Lyon |authority-year=1908 |authority-not-original= |range=Island of Sumatra |range-image= |range-image-size=180px |size=42 – long, plus 50 – tail |habitat=Forest |hunting=Fruit, seeds, and leaves |iucn-status=CR |population=Unknown |direction= |name=Hose's langur |binomial=P. hosei |image=File:SemnopithecusHoseiSmit.jpg |image-size=118px |image-alt=Drawing of gray monkey |authority-name=Thomas |authority-year=1889 |authority-not-original=yes |range=Borneo |range-image=File:Presbytis_hosei_subspecies_distribution.png |range-image-size=180px |size=42 – long, plus 50 – tail |habitat=Forest |hunting=Leaves, unripe fruits, seeds, flowers, bird eggs and nestlings |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |direction= |name=Javan surili |binomial=P. comata |image=File:Presbytis comata 53175454.jpg |image-size=135px |image-alt=Gray monkey |authority-name=Desmarest |authority-year=1822 |authority-not-original=yes |subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on | P. c. comata | P. c. fredericae |range=Island of Java in Indonesia |range-image=File:Javan_Surili_area.png |range-image-size=180px |size=42 – long, plus 50 – tail |habitat=Forest |hunting=Leaves, as well as fruits, flowers, and seeds |iucn-status=VU |population=5,500 |direction= |name=Maroon leaf monkey |binomial=P. rubicunda |image=File:Red_leaf_monkey_(Presbytis_rubicunda).jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=Brown monkey |authority-name=S. Müller |authority-year=1838 |authority-not-original=yes |subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Five subspecies |bullets=on | P. r. carimatae | P. r. chrysea | P. r. ignita | P. r. rubicunda | P. r. rubida |range=Borneo |range-image=File:Maroon_Leaf_Monkey_area.png |range-image-size=162px |size=42 – long, plus 50 – tail |habitat=Forest and inland wetlands |hunting=Leaves, seeds, and fruit, as well as flowers and pith |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |direction= |name=Siberut langur |binomial=P. siberu |image=File:Presbytis siberu imported from iNaturalist photo 71151959 on 21 November 2020.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=Gray monkey |authority-name=Chasen & Kloss |authority-year=1928 |authority-not-original=yes |range=Island of Siberut in Indonesia |range-image=File:Mentawai_Langur_area.png |range-image-size=180px |size=42 – long, plus 50 – tail |habitat=Forest |hunting=Fruit, seeds, and leaves |iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown |direction= |name=Mentawai langur |binomial=P. potenziani |image= |image-size=180px |image-alt= |authority-name=Bonaparte |authority-year=1856 |authority-not-original=yes |range=Mentawai islands in Indonesia |range-image=File:Mentawai_Langur_area.png |range-image-size=180px |size=42 – long, plus 50 – tail |habitat=Forest |hunting=Fruit, seeds, and leaves |iucn-status=CR |population=Unknown |direction= |name=Miller's langur |binomial=P. canicrus |image=File:Presbytis hosei canicrus.jpg |image-size=120px |image-alt=Gray monkey |authority-name=G. S. Miller |authority-year=1934 |authority-not-original= |range=Eastern Borneo (in light green) |range-image=File:Presbytis hosei subspecies distribution.png |range-image-size=180px |size=42 – long, plus 50 – tail |habitat=Forest |hunting=Fruit, seeds, and leaves |iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown |direction= |name=Mitered langur |binomial=P. mitrata |image=File:White leaf monkey2.jpg |image-size=140px |image-alt= |authority-name=Eschscholtz |authority-year=1821 |authority-not-original= |range=Island of Sumatra |range-image= |range-image-size=180px |size=42 – long, plus 50 – tail |habitat=Forest |hunting=Fruit, seeds, and leaves |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |direction= |name=Natuna Island surili |binomial=P. natunae |image= |image-size=180px |image-alt= |authority-name=Thomas & Hartert |authority-year=1894 |authority-not-original=yes |range=Island of Natuna Besar in Indonesia |range-image=File:Natuna_Island_Surili_area.png |range-image-size=162px |size=42 – long, plus 50 – tail |habitat=Forest |hunting=Fruit, seeds, and leaves |iucn-status=VU |population=9,000 |direction= |name=Raffles' banded langur |binomial=P. femoralis |image=File:Presbytis_femoralis_Andie_Ang.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=Gray monkey |authority-name=Martin |authority-year=1838 |authority-not-original=yes |range=Singapore and southern Peninsular Malaysia |range-image=File:Raffles_Banded_Surili_area.png |range-image-size=140px |size=42 – long, plus 50 – tail |habitat=Forest |hunting=Fruit, seeds, and leaves |iucn-status=CR |population=200–250 |direction= |name=Robinson's banded langur |binomial=P. robinsoni |image=File:Presbytis femoralis, Banded surili.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=Gray monkey |authority-name=Thomas |authority-year=1910 |authority-not-original= |range=Southern Malay Peninsula |range-image=File:Robinson's Banded Surili area.png |range-image-size=180px |size=42 – long, plus 50 – tail |habitat=Forest |hunting=Fruit, seeds, and leaves |iucn-status=NT |population=Unknown |direction= |name=Sabah grizzled langur |binomial=P. sabana |image= |image-size=125px |image-alt= |authority-name=Thomas |authority-year=1893 |authority-not-original=yes |range=Eastern Borneo (in dark brown) |range-image=File:Presbytis hosei subspecies distribution.png |range-image-size=180px |size=42 – long, plus 50 – tail |habitat=Forest |hunting=Fruit, seeds, and leaves |iucn-status=EN |population=Unknown |direction= |name=Sarawak surili |binomial=P. chrysomelas |image=File:Presbytis_chrysomelas.png |image-size=180px |image-alt=Drawing of gray and brown monkeys |authority-name=S. Müller |authority-year=1838 |authority-not-original=yes |subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on | P. c. chrysomelas | P. c. cruciger |range=Northern Borneo |range-image=File:Sarawak_Surili_area.png |range-image-size=162px |size=42 – long, plus 50 – tail |habitat=Forest |hunting=Fruit, seeds, and leaves |iucn-status=CR |population=Unknown |direction= |name=Thomas's langur |binomial=P. thomasi |image=File:Thomas%27s_langur_Presbytis_thomasi.jpg |image-size=125px |image-alt=Gray monkey |authority-name=Collett|authority-year=1893 |authority-not-original=yes |range=Northern island of Sumatra in Indonesia |range-image=File:Thomas%27s_Langur_area.png |range-image-size=180px |size=42 – long, plus 50 – tail |habitat=Forest |hunting=Fruit, leaves, and seeds, as well as flowers, bark, twigs, stalks, birds, bird eggs, algae, and insects |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |direction= |name=White-fronted surili |binomial=P. frontata |image=File:1910_White-Fronted_Langur_(38753075280).jpg |image-size=119px |image-alt=Brown monkey |authority-name=S. Müller |authority-year=1838 |authority-not-original=yes |range=Borneo |range-image=File:White-fronted_Surili_area.png |range-image-size=162px |size=42 – long, plus 50 – tail |habitat=Forest |hunting=Fruit, seeds, and leaves |iucn-status=VU |population=Unknown |direction= |name=White-thighed surili |binomial=P. siamensis |image=File:Presbytis_siamensis.jpg |image-size=135px |image-alt=Gray monkey |authority-name=S. Müller & Schlegel |authority-year=1838 |authority-not-original=yes |subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Four subspecies |bullets=on | P. s. cana | P. s. paenulata | P. s. rhionis | P. s. siamensis |range=Southeastern Asia |range-image=File:White-thighed_Surili_area.png |range-image-size=180px |size=42 – long, plus 50 – tail |habitat=Forest |hunting=Fruit, seeds, and leaves |iucn-status=NT |population=Unknown |direction=

References

Sources

References

  1. {{MSW3 Groves
  2. Novak, R. M. (1999). ''Walker's Mammals of the World.'' 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. {{ISBN. 0-8018-5789-9
  3. Rowe, N. (1996). ''The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates.'' Pogonias Press, Rhode Island. {{ISBN. 0-9648825-0-7
  4. IUCN (2008). [http://www.iucnredlist.org/ 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.] Retrieved on 2008-12-15.
  5. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/20/extinct-monkey-rediscovered-indonesia The Guardian, guardian.co.uk, Friday 20 January 2012: 'Extinct' monkey rediscovered in Indonesia jungle.]
  6. "'Extinct' monkey still lives in Borneo". [[CBC News]].
  7. Meyer, Dirk. (2011). "Mitochondrial phylogeny of leaf monkeys (genus Presbytis, Eschscholtz, 1821) with implications for taxonomy and conservation". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.
  8. Ang, A.. (2020). "Faecal DNA to the rescue: Shotgun sequencing of non-invasive samples reveals two subspecies of Southeast Asian primates to be Critically Endangered Species". Scientific Reports.
  9. Abdul-Latiff MAB. (2019). "Is Malaysia's banded langur, Presbytis femoralis femoralis, actually Presbytis neglectus neglectus? Taxonomic revision with new insights on the radiation history of the Presbytis species group in Southeast Asia.". Primates.
  10. [[#CITEREF_MamWorld. Nowak 1999]], pp. 599–600
  11. (2020). "''Presbytis sabana''".
  12. (2020). "''Presbytis chrysomelas''".
  13. (2022). "''Presbytis comata''".
  14. (2022). "''Presbytis femoralis''".
  15. (2020). "''Presbytis frontata''".
  16. (2021). "''Presbytis hosei''".
  17. (2020). "''Presbytis sumatranus''".
  18. (2021). "''Presbytis bicolor''".
  19. (2020). "''Presbytis melalophos''".
  20. (2006). "''Presbytis melalophos''". [[University of Michigan]].
  21. (2021). "''Presbytis percura''".
  22. (2020). "''Presbytis mitrata''".
  23. (2020). "''Presbytis natunae''".
  24. (2020). "''Presbytis potenziani''".
  25. (2020). "''Presbytis rubicunda''".
  26. (2020). "''Presbytis siberu''".
  27. (2020). "''Presbytis siamensis''".
  28. (2020). "''Presbytis thomasi''".
  29. (2004). "''Presbytis thomasi''". [[University of Michigan]].

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