Popeye (missile)

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Family of Israeli air-to-surface missiles

title: "Popeye (missile)" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["rafael-advanced-defense-systems", "guided-missiles-of-israel", "submarine-launched-cruise-missiles", "lockheed-martin", "military-equipment-introduced-in-the-1980s"] description: "Family of Israeli air-to-surface missiles" topic_path: "geography/israel" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popeye_(missile)" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Family of Israeli air-to-surface missiles ::

::data[format=table title="Infobox weapon"]

FieldValue
is_missileyes
namePopeye
imagePopey missile.jpg
image_size300
captionThe "Popeye" standoff missile
originIsrael
typeAir-to-surface missile
SLCM
used_bySee Operators
designerRafael Advanced Defense Systems
manufacturerRafael Advanced Defense Systems

| | service | 1985–present | | engine | Single-stage Solid-fuel rocket | | weight | 1,360 kg | | length | 4.82 m | | diameter | 533 mm | | wingspan | 198 cm | | vehicle_range | 78 km | | filling | 340 kg blast fragmentation or 360 kg I-800 penetrating | | guidance | Inertial plus IIR or TV | | launch_platform | Fixed-wing aircraft, Dolphin class submarine (Popeye Turbo SLCM) | ::

| is_missile = yes | name = Popeye | image = Popey missile.jpg | image_size = 300 | caption = The "Popeye" standoff missile | origin = Israel | type = Air-to-surface missile SLCM | used_by = See Operators | designer = Rafael Advanced Defense Systems | manufacturer = Rafael Advanced Defense Systems

Lockheed Martin | unit_cost = | propellant = | production_date = | service = 1985–present | engine = Single-stage Solid-fuel rocket | engine_power = | weight = 1,360 kg | length = 4.82 m | height = | diameter = 533 mm | wingspan = 198 cm | speed = | vehicle_range = 78 km | ceiling = | altitude = | filling = 340 kg blast fragmentation or 360 kg I-800 penetrating | guidance = Inertial plus IIR or TV | detonation = | launch_platform = Fixed-wing aircraft, Dolphin class submarine (Popeye Turbo SLCM)

The Popeye (Hebrew: פופאי) is a family of air-to-surface missiles developed and in use by Israel, of which several types have been developed for Israeli and export users. A long-range submarine-launched cruise missile variant of the Popeye Turbo has been speculated as being employed in Israel's submarine-based nuclear forces. The United States operated the Popeye under a different designation according to US naming conventions as the AGM-142 Have Nap.

Design

The Popeye is designed for precision attack against large targets from stand off ranges. The standard Popeye and smaller Popeye-Lite are powered by a single-stage solid rocket. Rafael offered a Popeye Turbo air launched variant featuring a jet engine and folding wings for a UK competition specifying a cruise missile with range of at least 320 km in 1994; publicly exposing a lowest possible maximum range for that variant. An inertial guidance system pilots the missile towards the target; for terminal homing the pilot can control the missile directly via an INS and data link, aiming via either a television or imaging infrared seeker depending on the missile model. It is not necessary for the launching aircraft to direct the missile—control can be passed to another platform while the firing aircraft escapes the area. There are two choices of warhead for the export versions, a 340 kg blast/fragmentation or 360 kg penetrator.

The alleged Israeli submarine-launched cruise missile variant is reported to be jet powered and nuclear armed with a greatly increased range, though according to the Federation of American Scientists "open literature provides little information on this system" but in a May 2000 test launch was tracked for 1500 km.

Air launched variants

  • Popeye (also known as Have Nap)— standard solid-rocket–powered stand off missile, 4.82 m long and weighing 1360 kg with a 340 kg blast fragmentation or 360 kg I-800 penetrating warhead, inertial and imaging infrared or TV guidance.
  • Popeye II or Popeye Lite (also known as Have Lite)— reduced size (shortened to 4.24 m) and weight version (weight is now 1125 kg) of the Popeye to give light aircraft such as the F-16I Sufa a precision standoff strike capability.
  • Popeye Turbo ALCM—The Popeye Turbo air-launched cruise missile, which uses a jet engine and liquid fuel, is approx 6.25 m long; it is reported to have a range of more than 320 km.
  • Crystal Maze or Raptor was developed in 2003–2004 to be lighter than Popeye for India, with a range of 100 km, weighting 1100 kg and carrying an 80 kg warhead.
  • Crystal Maze II or ROCKS is an improved version of Crystal Maze with an enhanced range of 250 km. The missile was first test launched in April 2024 from Sukhoi Su-30MKI under Andaman and Nicobar Command. The missile will be mass manufactured in India for Indian Air Force. The missile has the capability to target long range radars and air defence systems in GPS denied environments.
  • Have Rain—A 2004 report indicated that Rafael was developing a new anti-ship version known as the “Have Rain.” The new missile is believed to have a launch weight of 900 kg, for deployment aboard Lockheed P-3 Orion.
  • Spice: In 2000, Rafael promoted a "Smart Precise Impact Cost Effective" (Spice) add-on "smart bomb" guidance kit for Mk 84 bombs, this system was based on the Popeye seekers.

Popeye Turbo Submarine Launched Cruise Missile

Main article: submarine-launched cruise missile, Nuclear triad, Second strike

The Popeye Turbo SLCM is a reportedly stretched version of the Popeye Turbo developed for use as a submarine-launched cruise missile (SLCM), which was widely reported—in a US Navy-observed 2002 test in the Indian Ocean—to have hit a target 1500 km away. It is reasonable to assume that the weapon's range has been extended to the point where it can launch against Tehran and even more Iranian cities from a relatively safe location. It can allegedly carry a 200 kiloton nuclear warhead. It is believed that the stretched Popeye Turbo is the primary strategic second strike nuclear deterrent weapon that can be fired from the 650 mm secondary torpedo tubes of the Israeli Dolphin-class submarines. While the standard Popeye is 533 mm the Dolphin class submarines have four 650 mm torpedo tubes in addition to the six standard 533 mm tubes allowing for the possibility that a SLCM Popeye derivative may be a larger diameter.

Overview

The Popeye is compatible with a variety of aircraft from tactical fighters to heavy bombers.

Since their inception, the missiles have gone through a variety of improvement programs designed to increase reliability and reduce costs. These efforts have included changes in the materials and manufacturing processes of the wings, fins and rocket motor, new components in the inertial guidance unit, an upgraded processor, and an improved imaging infrared seeker.

Israel is thought to be using the airframe and avionics to produce a long-range submarine-launched cruise missile with a liquid-fueled jet engine similar to the Popeye Turbo rather than a rocket.

In US use, the Popeye designated as the AGM-142 Have Nap is intended primarily to equip the B-52H, allowing it to attack fixed targets of high value at sufficient range to provide protection from defences. The missile represented the first precision guided munition to be carried by the B-52H.

The London Sunday Times newspaper reported that on 5 July 2013, Israeli Dolphin submarines fired long-range cruise missiles at stores of Russian-made P-800 Oniks anti-ship missiles kept at the Syrian port of Latakia, contradicting an earlier CNN report it had been an air strike. Israel also deploys sub-Harpoon missiles capable of land attack on its Dolphin class submarines.

In the afternoon of 7 December 2014, two formations composed by two Israeli Air Force F-15Is each, fired Popeye missiles against two separate target sites in Syria. Syrian air defense Buk-M2 missile batteries fired two missiles at the incoming attack planes, both were jammed and two Pechora 2M missiles were hastily launched at the four incoming Popeye missiles, shooting one down.

In the early hours of 30 November 2016, Israeli planes launched air-to-surface Popeye missiles from Lebanese airspace at targets at Sabboura, north-east of Damascus.

In 19 December 2024, the IAF conducted airstrikes against the Houthis in Yemen targeting ports and energy infrastructure at Sanaa. Popeye missiles were carried on F-15s while the newer Rampage missiles were carried on F-16s.

Deployment

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Turkish_Air_Force_F4E_Phantom_II_MOD_45157794.jpg" caption="Exercise Anatolian Eagle]]."] ::

First developed for use by the Israeli Air Force, it has been in service since 1985.

The United States Air Force first bought a batch of 154 missiles in 1989 followed by a second batch of 54 missiles in 1996.

The Royal Australian Air Force purchased a number of Popeye missiles in the late 1990s for use by the RAAF's F-111 bombers. The F-111 was taken out of Australian service in 2010. It proved difficult to integrate the missiles onto the F-111s and costs were much higher than expected.

Currently, the Turkish Air Force's F-4 2020 Terminator aircraft (which were extensively upgraded by IAI) and the TuAF F-16 CCIP are armed with a Turkish License production version of the Popeye.

Israel and Turkey co-production

In May 1997, Israel and Turkey signed an agreement valued in excess of US$500 million for the establishment of a joint-venture between Israel's Rafael and Turkey's Turkish Aerospace Industries for the co-production of Popeye I and Popeye II missiles in Turkey.

Operators

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Popeye_operators.png" caption="Map with Popeye operators in blue"] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/AGM-142_Raptor.jpg" caption="Popeye Standoff Missile"] ::

There have been reports that Israel has exported Popeye and its variants to various countries:

Specifications

  • Weight : 1360 kg
  • Length: 4.82 m
  • Diameter: 533 mm
  • Wingspan: 1.98 m
  • Guidance: Inertial plus imaging infrared or TV
  • Engine: Single-stage solid rocket
  • Range: 78 km
  • Warhead: 340 kg blast fragmentation, or 360 kg I-800 penetrating

References

;Citations ;Bibliography

References

  1. [https://fas.org/nuke/guide/israel/missile/popeye-t.htm Israeli missile]. FAS
  2. "NTI".
  3. "Cruise". Missile threat.
  4. "Emerging Biocruise Threat". USAF Counterproliferation Center.
  5. "Popeye". CSIS.
  6. (2024-04-23). "India successfully tests new 250 km strike range air-launched ballistic missile".
  7. (2024-04-23). "IAF successfully tests air-launched ballistic missile in Andamans, significantly boosts stand-off capabilities". The Economic Times.
  8. (2024-04-23). "India successfully tests Crystal Maze-2 missile capable of striking targets up to 250 kilometres away".
  9. Pike, John. "AGM-142 Raptor / Have Nap / Popeye - Smart Weapons". Global security.
  10. Mizokami, Kyle. (6 December 2017). "Israel Has a Submarine That Could Destroy Entire Nations (Armed with Nuclear Weapons)". National interest.
  11. "Submarine Proliferation - Israel Current Capabilities". Nuclear Threat Initiative.
  12. "SSK Dolphin Class Submarine". Naval Technology.
  13. "AGM-142 Raptor / Have Nap / Popeye - Smart Weapons".
  14. John Pike. "Popeye Turbo".
  15. "Lockheed Martin, Rafael roll out first AGM-142 missile {{!}} Aviation Week Network".
  16. Ben Hartman. (14 July 2013). "Report: Israeli submarine strike hit Syrian arms depot". The Jerusalem Post.
  17. John Pike. "AGM-84 Harpoon/SLAM - Smart Weapons".
  18. War Is Boring. (12 December 2014). "Four Israeli F-15s Dodged Syrian Missile Fire to Attack Urgent Targets — War Is Boring". Medium.
  19. (30 November 2016). "Syria conflict:Israeli jets strike outside Damascus". BBC News.
  20. (19 December 2024). "Israeli Air Force Strikes Yemen With Popeye And Rampage Standoff Missiles". The War Zone.
  21. Dodd, Mark. (3 December 2010). "RAAF puts F-111 out to pasture". The Australian.
  22. (19 May 2000). "Missile costs blow out to $395m". Australian Financial Review.
  23. "Israel". NTI.
  24. "Popeye-2". Missile threat.
  25. "South Korea selects the Popeye".

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rafael-advanced-defense-systemsguided-missiles-of-israelsubmarine-launched-cruise-missileslockheed-martinmilitary-equipment-introduced-in-the-1980s