Phlogites

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Genus of ambulacrarians

title: "Phlogites" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["cambroernids", "cambrian-animals", "cambrian-animals-of-asia", "monotypic-prehistoric-bilaterian-genera", "fossil-taxa-described-in-1999", "cambrian-genus-extinctions"] description: "Genus of ambulacrarians" topic_path: "general/cambroernids" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlogites" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Genus of ambulacrarians ::

| fossil_range = Lower Cambrian | display_parents = 4 | image = {{multiple image|total_width=270 | perrow = 2/2 | image1 = Phlogites longus.jpg | caption1 = Restoration of Phlogites (with tentacles extended) | image2 = Phlogites-longus-fossil.png | caption2 = Phlogites longus fossil | border = infobox | genus = Phlogites | parent_authority = Luo & Hu, 1999 | species = longus | authority = Luo & Hu, 1999 | synonyms = {{species list | †Phlogites brevis | Luo & Hu 1999 | †Cheungkongella ancestralis ? | Shu et al. 2001

Phlogites is a member of the extinct ambulacrarian stem group Cambroernida, occupying an intermediate position between the basal Herpetogaster and the more derived Eldonioidea. It is known from the Lower Cambrian Haikou Chengjiang deposits of China.

Description

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Phlogites_longus.png" caption="page=8}}"] ::

Phlogites was a cup-shaped animal with a branching tentacular feeding system leading to a dextrally coiled gut with a lateral anus. Sources differ as to the number of tentacles, with two, three or five,

Compared to the earlier-diverging cambroernid Herpetogaster, Phlogites lacked segmentation and had a more massive stolon that is contiguous with the body. The coiling present in the external form of Herpetogaster became internal, except for a small lobate extension with the anus opening laterally. The tentacles of Phlogites were also more massive, and seem to have branched dichotomously.

Phylogeny

The following cladogram is simpllified from Li et al. 2023:

|label1=Ambulacraria |sublabel1=(total group) |1={{Clade |label1=Cambroernida |1={{Clade |1=Herpetogaster |2={{Clade |1=Phlogites |2=Eldonioidea |label2=Ambulacraria |sublabel2=(crown group) |2={{Clade |1=Hemichordata |2=Echinodermata

History of interpretation

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Cheungkongella_and_Phlogites.png" caption="(BT: branching tentacles; CIS: Complex internal organs; Os: Oral siphon; S: Stem; Sp: Simple pharynx; St: Stomach}})"] ::

Phlogites was initially considered to be an early lophophorate. A new phylum, Dendrobrachia (Hou, Bergstrom, Ma and Zhao, 2006) was later proposed to encompass it. While some similarities were noted with the eldonioids (and phoronids), the authors were not sufficiently confident to either group Phlogites with the phoronids or include the eldonioids in the Dendrobrachia.

Since ICZN precedence rules do not apply at the phylum level, later researchers opted to propose cambroernids as an informal group rather than expanding the phylum Dendrobrachia, noting that "not only is the concept of phyla essentialist but it serves to place problematic taxa in a phylogenetic limbo, rendering them effectively immune to further evolutionary analysis." The informal group "cambroernids" was later given the formal name Cambroernida once further evidence was found to support its monophyly.

The interpretation of Phlogites has been complicated by its proposed equation (as a senior synonym) with the possible first-discovered Cambrian tunicate Cheungkongella ancestralis (sometimes misspelt Cheungkungella) by the discoverers of another candidate for the title of the oldest known Cambrian tunicate, Shankouclava.

The discoverers of Shankouclava agreed with the discovers of Phlogites that Phlogites is most likely a lophophorate, although they noted possible affinities with ambulacrarians or with Sipuncula. A different group of researchers agreed with synonymizing Cheungkongella with Phlogites, but proposed a new phylum, Dendrobrachia, with affinities to the Gnathifera.

Neither group proposed tunicate affinities for Phlogites, but later works by the discoverer of Shankouclava contain statements such as "although Lower Cambrian Phlogites (=Cheungkongella) was claimed as a tunicate (Shu et al., 2001)" that have led to confusion on this point by associating the tunicate affinity claims that only ever applied to Cheungkongella with Phlogites.

A researcher who was not part of any of the teams discovering Phlogites, Cheungkongella, or Shankouclava, or proposing Dendrobrachia, examined the fossils and concluded that the similarity between Phlogites and Cheungkongella was "superficial."

References

Works cited

References

  1. {{harvnb. Hou. Bergström. Ma. Zhao. 2006
  2. {{harvnb. Conway Morris. 2006
  3. {{harvnb. Caron. Conway Morris. Shu. Soares. 2010
  4. {{harvnb. Li. Dunn. Murdock. Guo. 2023
  5. {{harvnb. Caron. Conway Morris. Shu. Soares. 2010
  6. three,{{harvnb. Shu. 2008
  7. Caron. Conway Morris. Shu. Soares. 2010
  8. {{harvnb. Li. Dunn. Murdock. Guo. 2023
  9. {{harvnb. Zhang. Shu. Han. Liu. 2006 {{small. (Note: Cites the 1999 discovery publication ''Early Cambrian Chengjiang Fauna from Kunming Region China'' (Luo Hui-Lin, Hu Shi-Xie, Chen Liang-Zhong, Zhang Shi-Shan, Tau Yong-Shan), which is in Chinese and not available online)
  10. {{harvnb. Caron. Conway Morris. Shu. Soares. 2010
  11. {{harvnb. Li. Dunn. Murdock. Guo. 2023
  12. {{harvnb. Chen. Huang. Peng. Feng. 2003
  13. {{harvnb. Shu. Chen. Han. Zhang. 2001
  14. {{harvnb. Shu. Conway Morris. Zhang. Han. 2010
  15. {{harvnb. Gee. 2018
  16. {{harvnb. Chen. 2011
  17. {{harvnb. Zhuravlev. 2015. (Note: the text includes the phrase "presumed tunicates (''Cheungkongella'', ''Phlogites'', ''Shankouclava''; Shu et al., 2001; Chen et al., 2003)" treating ''Phlogites'' as a tunicate separately from ''Cheungkongella'', a position not supported by any known source)
  18. {{harvnb. Hou. Siveter. Siveter. Aldridge. 2017
  19. Caron. Conway Morris. Shu. Soares. 2010

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cambroernidscambrian-animalscambrian-animals-of-asiamonotypic-prehistoric-bilaterian-generafossil-taxa-described-in-1999cambrian-genus-extinctions