Pancake tortoise

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Species of tortoise

title: "Pancake tortoise" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["malacochersus", "turtles-of-africa", "reptiles-described-in-1903", "species-that-are-or-were-threatened-by-the-pet-trade"] description: "Species of tortoise" topic_path: "general/malacochersus" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancake_tortoise" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Species of tortoise ::

| image = Malacochersus tornieri - Buffalo Zoo.jpg | image_caption = | status = CR | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = | status2 = CITES_A1 | status2_system = CITES | status2_ref = | genus = Malacochersus | parent_authority = Lindholm, 1929 | species = tornieri | authority = (Siebenrock, 1903) | synonyms =

  • Testudo tornieri Siebenrock, 1903
  • Testudo loveridgii Boulenger, 1920
  • Malacochersus torneiri [sic] Paull, 1997 (ex errore)
  • Malacochersus tornieri — Mertens, L. Müller & Rust, 1934
  • Malacochersus loveridgei [sic] Pritchard, 1967 (ex errore) | synonyms_ref =

The pancake tortoise (Malacochersus tornieri) is a species of flat-shelled tortoise in the family Testudinidae. The species is native to Tanzania and Kenya. There are also small populations in northern Zambia.Eustace A, Esser LF, Mremi R, Malonza PK, Mwaya RT (2021) Protected areas network is not adequate to protect a critically endangered East Africa Chelonian: Modelling distribution of pancake tortoise, Malacochersus tornieri under current and future climates. PLOS ONE 16(1): e0238669. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238669 Its common name refers to the flat shape of its shell.

Etymology

Both the specific name, tornieri, and an alternate common name, Tornier's tortoise, are in honor of German zoologist Gustav Tornier.

Taxonomy

Malacochersus tornieri is the only member of its genus.

Description

The pancake tortoise has an unusually thin, flat, flexible shell, which is up to 17.8 cm long. While the shell bones of most other tortoises are solid, the pancake tortoise has shell bones with many openings, making it lighter and more agile than other tortoises. On the rear of its shell, it has a highly ossified lump that is different from the rest of its bone structure. The carapace (top shell) is brown, frequently with a variable pattern of radiating dark lines on each scute (shell plate), helping to camouflage the tortoise in its natural dry habitat.

Distribution and habitat

An East African species, M. tornieri is native to southern Kenya and northern and eastern Tanzania, It is found on hillsides with rocky outcrops (known as kopjes) in arid thorn scrub and savanna, from 100 to 6,000 feet (30 to 1800 metres) above sea level. The species inhabits the Somalia-Masai floristic region, an arid semi-desert characterized by Acacia-Commiphora bushland and Brachystegia woodland in upland localities. It occurs in dry savannah of low altitude at small rocky hills of the crystalline basement.

Ecology and behaviour

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Malacochersus_tornieri.jpg" caption="Captive pancake tortoise in rock crevice"] ::

Pancake tortoises live in isolated colonies, with many individuals sharing the same kopje, or even crevice. and young are independent as soon as they hatch. Wild and captive specimens often bask and, although they do not appear to hibernate, there are reports that they may aestivate beneath flat rocks during the hottest months.

Most activity occurs during the morning hours or in the late afternoon and early evening. The diet primarily consists of dry grasses and vegetation. The pancake tortoise is a fast and agile climber, and is rarely found far from its rocky home so that, if disturbed, it can make a dash for the nearest rock crevice. Since this tortoise could easily be torn apart by predators, it must rely on its speed and flexibility to escape from dangerous situations, rather than withdrawing into its shell. The flexibility of its shell allows the pancake tortoise to crawl into narrow rock crevices to avoid potential predators, thus exploiting an environment that no other tortoise is capable of using. There are two hypotheses about how the pancake tortoise is able to wedge itself in rock crevices: The first is that it presses its ossified lump to the ceiling of the rock crevice using its hind legs, or it 'inflates' an unossified portion in the plastron with air.

Threats and conservation

The greatest threats facing the pancake tortoise are habitat destruction and its over-exploitation by the pet trade. Given the low reproductive rate of this tortoise, populations that have been harvested may take a long time to recover. Commercial development diminishes the amount of suitable habitat for pancake tortoises, which already is neither common nor extensive. Tortoises in Kenya are threatened by clearance of thorn scrub for conversion to agriculture and in Tanzania by over-grazing of goats and cattle.

The pancake tortoise is classified as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List and listed on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). In 1981, Kenya banned the export of the pancake tortoise unless given written permission by the Minister for the Environment and Natural Resources. Tanzania protects this species under the Wildlife Conservation (National Game) Order, 1974, and it is protected within the Serengeti National Park. The European Union banned the import of the pancake tortoise in 1988, but trade with EU members continues, with several countries having reported importing the species. The pancake tortoise has been bred in captivity and is now the subject of a coordinated breeding programme in European zoos.

Predation

Potential predators of pancake tortoises in Kenya include common dwarf mongoose, white-tailed mongoose, bushy-tailed mongoose, common slender mongoose, common genets, honey badgers, African civets, rock monitors, puff adders and Von der Decken's hornbills.

References

References

  1. Mwaya, R.T.. (2019). "''Malacochersus tornieri''".
  2. "Appendices {{!}} CITES".
  3. Fritz, Uwe. (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World". Vertebrate Zoology.
  4. Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN. 978-1-4214-0135-5. (''Malacochersus tornieri'', p. 266).
  5. link. (2007-06-21 (CD-ROM), by [[Carl Henry Ernst). Ernst CH]], Altenburg RGM, [[Roger W. Barbour. Barbour RW]] (February 2007).
  6. [[Michael J. Connor (herpetologist). Connor MJ]] (1992). [http://www.tortoise.org/archives/malaco.html "Pancake Tortoise, ''Malacochersus tornieri ''"]. ''Tortuga Gazette'' '''28''' (11): 1-3.
  7. [http://www.jaxzoo.org/things/biofacts/AfricanPancakeTortoise.asp Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens] {{webarchive. link. (2006-02-25 (February 2007).)
  8. Mautner, A.-K., Latimer, A.E., Fritz, U. and Scheyer, T.M. (2017), An updated description of the osteology of the pancake tortoise Malacochersus tornieri (Testudines: Testudinidae) with special focus on intraspecific variation. Journal of Morphology, 278: 321-333. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20640
  9. Kirkpatrick DT]] (2007). [http://www.unc.edu/~dtkirkpa/stuff/pancake2.html An Overview of the Natural History of the Pancake Tortoise, ''Malacochersus tornieri'' "]. {{webarchive. link. (2011-07-07)
  10. Chansa]] & [[:de:Philipp Wagner (Biologe). Wagner]] (2006).
  11. link. (2016-03-06 (PDF), Prop. 11.39 (February 2007).)
  12. [[Frank White (botanist). White]] (1983).
  13. [[Donald George Broadley. Broadley]] & [[Kim Monroe Howell. Howell]] (1991).
  14. [http://www.bristolzoo.org.uk/learning/animals/reptiles/pancake-tortoise Bristol Zoo Gardens] {{webarchive. link. (2009-04-03 (February 2007).)
  15. (August 21, 2024). "The potential predators of pancake tortoises (Malacochersus tornieri) in Kenya". African Zoology.

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