Otocinclus

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Genus of fishes

title: "Otocinclus" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["hypoptopomatini", "fish-of-south-america", "catfish-genera", "taxa-named-by-edward-drinker-cope", "freshwater-fish-genera"] description: "Genus of fishes" topic_path: "general/hypoptopomatini" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otocinclus" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Genus of fishes ::

| image = Otocinclus arnoldi (1).JPG | image_caption = Otocinclus arnoldi | taxon = Otocinclus | authority = Cope, 1871 | type_species = Otocinclus vestitus | type_species_authority = Cope, 1872

Otocinclus is a genus of catfish in the family Loricariidae native to South America, commonly known as "dwarf suckers" or "otos". This genus, like other loricariids, is characterized by rows of armour plating covering the body, as well as the underslung suckermouth. They are generally small in size; O. tapirape is the smallest of the species (2.4 cm), while O. flexilis is the biggest (5.5 cm). Otocinclus are popular aquarium fish, and they are often purchased as algae eaters. It is difficult to breed them in captivity, and mostly wild caught Otocinclus are available to hobbyists. This genus is widely distributed east of the Andes of South America, throughout the lowlands from northern Venezuela to northern Argentina, but are generally absent from the Amazon and the Orinoco lowlands.

Etymology

The Otocinclus name is derived from the Greek oto, meaning ear and the Latin cinclus, meaning a latticework, an allusion to the holes in the head in the region of the ear.

Taxonomy

Otocinclus is the most basal genus of the tribe Hypoptopomatini of the subfamily Hypoptopomatinae. However, phylogenetic relationships are currently under study and this genus may eventually be relocated. Its monophyly is supported by seven derived features. O. batmani, O. bororo, O cocama, O. huaorani, O. mariae and O. mura form a monophyletic group within this genus. A monophyletic group is also formed by O. flexilis, O. mimulus and O. xakriaba, which all share mimicry as a synapomorphy.

Species

There are currently 19 recognized species in this genus:

Macrotocinclus affinus was considered to be a member of Otocinclus until it was moved to its own monotypic genus, Macrotocinclus. The name Otocinclus affinus is still used in the aquarium trade, however it actually refers to members of O. vittatus, O. vestitus and O. macrospilus. and O. huaorani.

Ecology

Species of this genus are diurnal and generally are found in small streams or along the margins of larger rivers, clinging to substrates using their suckermouth. The fish of this genus primarily feed on algae or aufwuchs on roots, stones, macrophytes and broad-leaved grasses. These fish live in shoals or schools. Otocinclus are able to breathe air. Prior to surfacing, they will release air through their gills and mouth. Upon returning to the bottom, the fish do not need to pump their buccal cavities, indicating they are absorbing oxygen from the swallowed air.

O. flexilis, O. mimulus and O. xakriaba are considered to be Batesian mimics of certain Corydoras species (C. diphyes, C. garbei, C. nattereri and C. paleatus, respectively). These Corydoras species have bony plates of armor and strong spines as defenses, making them less palatable; by mimicking these species in size and coloration, Otocinclus spp. avoid predation.

References

References

  1. These [[species]] have adaptations that allow them to breathe air. A duct forms at the junction between the [[esophagus]] and the [[stomach]] and expands into an enlarged, ring-like [[diverticulum]], characteristic of this genus, which allows air-breathing.Armbruster, J.W. (1998): [http://www.auburn.edu/academic/science_math/res_area/loricariid/fish_key/Air.pdf Modifications of the Digestive Tract for Holding Air in Loricariid and Scoloplacid Catfishes.] ''Copeia, 1998 (3): 663–675.''
  2. {{FishBase_genus. (2016)
  3. Lehmann, A., P. (2006): [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ni/v4n4/a01v4n4.pdf ''Otocinclus batmani'', a new species of hypoptopomatine catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from Colombia and Peru.] ''Neotropical Ichthyology, 4 (4): 379–383.''
  4. Ribeiro, A.C. & Lehmann, A., P. (2016): A new ''Otocinclus'' (Siluriformes: Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae) from the Rio Juruena Basin, central Brazil. ''Zootaxa, 4147 (3): 240–246.''
  5. Lehmann, A., P., Mayer, F. & Reis, R.E. (2010): A New Species of ''Otocinclus'' (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Rio Madeira Drainage, Brazil. ''Copeia, 2010 (4): 635–639.''
  6. ''Macrotocinclus'' Isbrücker & Seidel, 2001 in GBIF Secretariat (2019). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset {{doi. 10.15468/39omei accessed via GBIF.org on 2020-12-16.
  7. Malik, Umer. (February 28, 2024). "OTOCINCLUS: THE GUIDE TO CARE, LIFESPAN, FOOD AND BREEDING".
  8. Fenner, R.. "The Ideal Algae Eater? The Littlest South American Suckermouth Catfishes, Genus ''Otocinclus''".
  9. Axenrot, T.E. & Kullander, S.O. (2003): [http://www.ecology.su.se/pdfs/axenrot/fish.pdf ''Corydoras diphyes'' (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) and ''Otocinclus mimulus'' (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), two new species of catfishes from Paraguay, a case of mimetic association.] {{webarchive. link. (2009-02-05 ''Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 14 (3): 249–272.'')

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