Oreochromis

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Genus of fishes

title: "Oreochromis" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["oreochromis", "oreochromini", "fish-of-africa", "cichlid-genera", "taxa-named-by-albert-günther"] description: "Genus of fishes" topic_path: "general/oreochromis" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreochromis" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Genus of fishes ::

| fossil_range = | image = Oreochromis tanganicae (Günther).jpg | image_caption = O. tanganicae | taxon = Oreochromis | authority = Günther, 1889 | type_species = Oreochromis hunteri | type_species_authority = Günther, 1889

Oreochromis is a large genus of oreochromine cichlids, fishes endemic to Africa and the Middle East. A few species from this genus have been introduced far outside their native range and are important in aquaculture. Many others have very small ranges; some are seriously threatened, and O. ismailiaensis and O. lidole possibly are extinct. Although Oreochromis primarily are freshwater fish of rivers, lakes and similar habitats, several species can also thrive in brackish waters and some even survive in hypersaline conditions with a salinity that far surpasses that of seawater. In addition to overfishing and habitat loss, some of the more localized species are threatened by the introduction of other, more widespread Oreochromis species into their ranges. This is because they—in addition to competing for the local resources—often are able to hybridize.

Oreochromis are fairly robust fish, and medium–small to very large cichlids that can reach up to 9.4-61 cm in total length depending on the exact species.

The earliest known member of this group is Oreochromis lorenzoi Carnevale, Sorbini & Landini, 2003 from the latest Miocene (Messinian) of Italy, suggesting that this genus naturally ranged as far north as southern Europe in prehistoric times.

Taxonomy

Species in this genus, as well as those in several other oreochromine and tilapiine genera, share the common name "tilapia" and historically most were included in the genus Tilapia.

Oreochromis contains more than 30 species, and several undescribed forms exist. Judging from mtDNA sequence analysis, several clades seem to exist. Research is hampered because hybridization runs rampant in these fishes, which confounds mtDNA data (Wami tilapia is an example), and the fast speed of evolution makes choice of appropriate nuclear DNA sequences difficult. A comprehensive genetic study that included almost all the species, as well as the closely related Alcolapia, found that Oreochromis as currently defined is paraphyletic. For example, two Oreochromis species (O. amphimelas and O. esculentus) appear closer to Alcolapia than the remaining Oreochromis, and five other Oreochromis species (O. angolensis, O. lepidurus, O. niloticus, O. schwebischi and O. upembae) appear to be as distant from the "core" Oreochromis as they are from Alcolapia.

Species

The 37 recognized species in this genus are:

Gallery

|width=160 | height=170 |align=center |noborder=yes |File:Amphimelas Male ManyaraMJG.jpg|Oreochromis amphimelas of lakes, often saline, in north–central Tanzania |File:Oreochromis andersonii.jpg|Oreochromis andersonii, a threatened species of south–central Africa |File:Oreochromis leucostictus Lake Malimbe.jpg|Oreochromis leucostictus of Albertine Rift Valley lakes and introduced elsewhere |File:Lidole.JPG|Oreochromis lidole, a possibly extinct species of the Lake Malawi basin |File:Oreochromis macrochir.jpg|Oreochromis macrochir, a threatened species of south–central Africa |File:Oreochromis mossambicus (cropped).JPG|Oreochromis mossambicus, a widespread species that also is introduced outside its native range |File:Tilápia ou Sarotherodon niloticus 2.jpg|Oreochromis niloticus, a very widespread species that also is introduced outside its native range |File:Oreochromis squamipinnis.jpg|Oreochromis squamipinnis, a threatened species of the Lake Malawi basin |File:VariabilisNjombe244adj.jpg|Oreochromis variabilis, a threatened species of the Lake Victoria basin |File:Alcolapia alcalica.jpg|Oreochromis alcalica, formerly allocated to Alcolapia

References

References

  1. (2019). "Molecular phylogeny of Oreochromis (Cichlidae: Oreochromini) reveals mito-nuclear discordance and multiple colonisation of adverse aquatic environments". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol..
  2. {{FishBase genus. (2019)
  3. Carnevale, Giorgio. (2003-09-12). "Oreochromis lorenzoi, a new species of tilapiine cichlid from the late Miocene of central Italy". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.
  4. Nagl, Sandra; Tichy, Herbert; Mayer, Werner E.; Samonte, Irene E.; McAndrew, Brendan J. & Klein, Jan (2001): Classification and Phylogenetic Relationships of African Tilapiine Fishes Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Sequences. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' '''20'''(3): 361–374. {{doi. 10.1006/mpev.2001.0979
  5. Oreochromis
  6. {{ITIS

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oreochromisoreochrominifish-of-africacichlid-generataxa-named-by-albert-günther