Opposing force

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Military term

title: "Opposing force" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["military-education-and-training"] description: "Military term" topic_path: "history/military" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposing_force" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Military term ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/OPFOR_Soldiers.jpg" caption="Photo was taken during Operation Cajun Fury with one of the many training exercises that take place at Joint Readiness Training Command (JRTC).}}"] ::

An opposing force (alternatively enemy force, abbreviated OPFOR or OpFor) is a military unit tasked with representing an enemy, usually for training purposes in war game scenarios. The related concept of aggressor squadron is used by some air forces.

At a basic level, a unit might serve as an opposing force for a single scenario, differing from its 'opponents' only in the objectives it is given. However, major armies commonly maintain specialized groups trained to accurately replicate real-life enemies, to provide a more realistic experience for their training opponents. (To avoid the diplomatic ramifications of naming a real nation as a likely enemy, training scenarios often use fictionalized versions with different names but similar military characteristics to the expected real-world foes.)

Units

Canada

The Canadian Armed Forces has OPFOR units from the Canadian Manoeuvre Training Centre.

China

France

In the French Army, a FORAD (FORce ADverse, enemy force) is used to train the army, in both the centre d'entraînement au combat (CENTAC, Combat Training Center) of Mailly-le-Camp and in the centre d'entraînement aux actions en zone urbaine (CENZUB, Urban Operations Training Centre). Declassed AMX-30 tanks were used to simulate Soviet T-72s, until 2018.

Republic of Korea

Japan

United States

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/UH-1H_disguised_as_Mi-24_Fort_Irwin_1985.JPEG" caption="Mi-24]] at Fort Irwin in 1985"] ::

There are three major training centers that utilize home-based OPFOR units for the US Army:

Over time, the Army has patterned the OPFOR units after real or imagined opponents and given them various fictional names, even though the US Army denies any resemblance. ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/CIRCLE_TRIAGON_BADGE.png"] ::

"Circle Triagonists" - patterned after the Wehrmacht from 1947 to 1978.

"Krasnovians" - patterned after the Soviet Red Army from 1978 to 1990 at the National Training Center in Fort Irwin.

The People's Republic of Pineland - a make believe foe for Army Special Forces candidates to face in their final test.

The Island of Aragon - an invasion scenario for troops to play out at the US Joint Readiness Training Center at Fort Polk, Louisiana.

Attica - a crisis to handle at White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico.

Various US military installations or major units have their own local versions of opposing force used for training exercises. The joint Australian–US military exercise "Crocodile '03" featured an Australian-led opposing force in which soldiers from a range of Australian units worked together with a US Marine Corps contingent.

Several state defense forces have served as OPFOR units when training with the National Guard. The California State Guard, the Georgia State Defense Force, and the New York Guard have provided OPFOR services to their respective National Guard counterparts. In 2018, the Georgia State Defense Force established the OPFOR Battalion to assist National Guard Soldiers with pre-deployment training.

Ranks

Officer ranks

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Air marshalGeneral of airGeneral of air armyGeneral of air corpsGeneral of air divisionColonelCommandantMajorCaptainLieutenantSub-lieutenantWarrant officer
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Other ranks

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Sergeant majorStaff sergeantSenior sergeantPlatoon sergeantSection sergeantCorporalSenior airmanAirman
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Often, the colour of the epaulette shows what specialisation the particular OPFOR soldier has. Green is worn by everyday soldiers, red by fusiliers, and blue by airborne forces.

Gallery

Personnel

File:Militairen van 11 Pantserinfanteriebataljon Garderegiment.jpg|Dutch soldiers of 11 Pantserinfanteriebataljon Garderegiment Grenadiers wearing mohawk-style additions on their helmets to denote opposing force status. File:Multinational forces tackle Exercise Kiwi Koru challenges 141113-F-AD344-172.jpg|New Zealand Defence Force soldier denoting opposing force status by wearing Desert Disruptive Pattern Material (DPM) in a temperate environment. File:Royal Marine Commando Display Team at Bournemouth Air Festival 2009 (3852794973).jpg|Scene from a simulated Royal Marines beach landing during the 2009 Bournemouth Air Festival; "opposing force" Marine is bareheaded and wears Desert DPM, "blue force" Marines in the background wear berets, camouflage face paint, and woodland DPM. File:Royal Marines, commando assault demo, Viking vehicle (28167968570).jpg|Royal Marine "opposing force" members during a 2016 assault demonstration; they wear Tropentarn uniforms and soft hats while the assaulting "blue force" Marines would be wearing MTP uniforms with Mk 7 helmets. File:CENZUB-FORAD.JPG|A sniper from the French CENZUB opposing force wearing a blue-and-gray version of Camouflage Central-Europe. File:Exercise BEVERLY BULLDOG DF-SD-03-17733.jpg|51st Fighter Wing airman denoting opposing force status by wearing his Battle Dress Uniform back to front (note the contrast of the uniform with the individual integrated fighting system vest that is also being worn). File:U.S. Soldiers with the 1st Battalion, 4th Infantry Regiment conduct a change of command ceremony for incoming commander Lt. Col. Barry Carlson and outgoing commander Lt. Col. Mitchell Watkins at Warrior Field 130702-A-WB953-454.jpg|4th Infantry Regiment soldiers wearing United States Army opposing force uniform (Battle Dress Uniform in black with olive 'OPFOR' shoulder title) File:Northern Strike 23-1 "OPFOR" builds readiness, challenges visiting units 230126-Z-ZH169-1005.jpg|Michigan National Guard OPFOR wearing tiger stripe camouflage uniform and carrying a simulated RPG-7. File:OPFOR Shirt GRN and Shoulder Boards GRN, BLK, RED.jpg|OPFOR rank insignia mimicking the Soviet style (used during the Cold War)

Vehicles

File:The British Army in the United Kingdom 1939-45 H14956.jpg|49th Royal Tank Regiment Matilda II with swastika and Iron Cross markings to denote opposing force status during a 1941 exercise in Dover. File:Operation force Surrogate Vehicle.jpg|An OSV, visually modified M113 APC replicating a Soviet BMP at NTC, Fort Irwin, CA File:MT-LB US Marines.jpg|US Marines using a former Soviet MT-LB vehicle as part of the OPFOR during an exercise File:OPFOR T-72 at Camp Pendleton, USA.JPEG|T-72M1 used by the 3rd Amphibious Assault Battalion, 1st Marine Division of US Marines at Camp Pendleton during Kernel Blitz 1997 exercise File:Warrior_Infantry_Fighting_Vehicle_MOD_45149219.jpg|FV510 Warrior and other British vehicles in a green-and-tan paint scheme; while normally associated with BATUS, the paint scheme denotes opposing force status if used on the British mainland (as in this photograph).

Notes

References

References

  1. "Archived - Canadian Manoeuvre Training Centre (CMTC) Opposing Force (OPFOR) Facility".
  2. (8 May 2016). "Dans la ville fantôme de Jeoffrécourt, les armées étrangères simulent la guerre". [[Le Point]].
  3. (2014). "CENTAC/5e régiment de Dragons".
  4. Lagneau, Laurent. (17 October 2018). "Le 5e Régiment de Dragons se sépare de ses derniers chars AMX-30 Brenus".
  5. (28 June 2018). "Brave Rifles OPFOR dominates at NTC".
  6. (6 September 2011). "Paratroopers refine war fighting skills at the Joint Readiness Training Center". Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson.
  7. "Army.mil".
  8. TREVITHICK, JOSEPH. (July 23, 2014). "The U.S. Army Once Created a Whole Alternate History For Its War Games".
  9. Brown, David W.. (Feb 12, 2025). "5 Fictional Countries Where the U.S. Army is Trained to Fight".
  10. Wellfare, John. "Exercise Crocodile '03: You win some, you lose some". Army: The Soldiers' Newspaper.
  11. "OPFOR". 1st Battalion (MP), 2nd Brigade (Civil Support), California State Military Reserve.
  12. Seay, Howard. (8 May 2015). "Operation Roughrider Cold". [[Georgia State Defense Force]].
  13. Mendie, Ubon. (31 March 2009). "N.Y. Guard 'Brings the Fight' to Fighting 69th".
  14. "OPFOR Battalion". [[Georgia State Defense Force]].
  15. (1959). "FM 30-101 Aggressor The Maneuver Enemy 9-23-1959". Department of the Army.
  16. (1962). "FM 30-101 Aggressor: the Maneuver Enemy". Department of the Army.
  17. (1959). "FM 30-101 Aggressor The Maneuver Enemy 9-23-1959". Department of the Army.
  18. (1962). "FM 30-101 Aggressor: the Maneuver Enemy". Department of the Army.
  19. (1959). "FM 30-101 Aggressor The Maneuver Enemy 9-23-1959". Department of the Army.
  20. (1962). "FM 30-101 Aggressor: the Maneuver Enemy". Department of the Army.
  21. (1959). "FM 30-101 Aggressor The Maneuver Enemy 9-23-1959". Department of the Army.
  22. (1998). "Europa Militaria No. 25, Warrior Company". The Crowood Press.

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