Operation Halberd
World War II maintenance convoy operation
title: "Operation Halberd" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["aerial-operations-and-battles-of-world-war-ii", "malta-convoys", "mediterranean-convoys-of-world-war-ii", "allied-naval-victories-in-the-battle-of-the-mediterranean", "naval-battles-and-operations-of-world-war-ii-involving-the-united-kingdom", "september-1941-in-europe", "maritime-incidents-in-september-1941"] description: "World War II maintenance convoy operation" topic_path: "history" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Halberd" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0
::summary World War II maintenance convoy operation ::
::data[format=table title="Infobox military conflict"]
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| conflict | Operation Halberd |
| partof | the Battle of the Mediterranean of the Second World War |
| image | The Royal Navy during the Second World War A5634.jpg |
| image_upright | 1.0 |
| caption | An Italian torpedo bomber on fire and crashing during Operation Halberd, just beyond is |
| date | 27 September 1941 |
| place | Southwest of Calabria, Mediterranean Sea |
| coordinates | |
| result | British victory |
| combatant1 | United Kingdom |
| Netherlands Netherlands | |
| Poland Poland | |
| combatant2 | Fascist Italy (1922-1943) |
| commander1 | UK James Somerville |
| commander2 | Fascist Italy (1922-1943) Angelo Iachino |
| strength1 | 1 aircraft carrier |
| 3 battleships | |
| 5 light cruisers | |
| 18 destroyers | |
| 8 submarines | |
| 9 merchantmen | |
| 66 aircraft | |
| strength2 | 2 battleships |
| 3 heavy cruisers | |
| 2 light cruisers | |
| 14 destroyers | |
| 11 submarines | |
| 8 torpedo boats | |
| 130 aircraft | |
| casualties1 | 8 killed |
| 1 battleship damaged | |
| 1 merchantman scuttled | |
| 4 aircraft destroyed | |
| casualties2 | 83–90 killed |
| 1 submarine sunk | |
| 21 aircraft destroyed | |
| campaignbox | |
| :: |
|conflict = Operation Halberd |partof = the Battle of the Mediterranean of the Second World War |image = The Royal Navy during the Second World War A5634.jpg |image_upright = 1.0 |caption = An Italian torpedo bomber on fire and crashing during Operation Halberd, just beyond is |date = 27 September 1941 |place = Southwest of Calabria, Mediterranean Sea |coordinates = |result = British victory |combatant1 = United Kingdom Netherlands Netherlands Poland Poland |combatant2 = Fascist Italy (1922-1943) |commander1 = UK James Somerville |commander2 = Fascist Italy (1922-1943) Angelo Iachino |strength1 = 1 aircraft carrier 3 battleships 5 light cruisers 18 destroyers 8 submarines 9 merchantmen 66 aircraft |strength2 = 2 battleships 3 heavy cruisers 2 light cruisers 14 destroyers 11 submarines 8 torpedo boats 130 aircraft |casualties1 = 8 killed 1 battleship damaged 1 merchantman scuttled 4 aircraft destroyed |casualties2 = 83–90 killed 1 submarine sunk 21 aircraft destroyed |campaignbox =
Operation Halberd was a British naval operation that took place on 27 September 1941, during the Second World War. The British were attempting to deliver a convoy from Gibraltar to Malta. The convoy was escorted by several battleships and an aircraft carrier, to deter interference from the Italian surface fleet, while a close escort of cruisers and destroyers provided an anti-aircraft screen.
The Italian fleet sortied after the convoy was detected, but turned back after learning the strength of the escorting force. Air attacks by Italian bombers and fighters damaged several ships, and forced one of the merchant vessels to be scuttled. The rest of the convoy arrived at Malta and discharged their cargo.
Background
Main article: Operation Excess, Operation Substance
Convoy WS 11X
Operation Halberd was the largest Malta supply effort yet. The merchant ships (), (9,776 GRT), (8,063 GRT), (8,039 GRT), (7,347 GRT), (9,653 GRT), (12, 891 GRT), (10,733 GRT) and (7,798 GRT). The convoy, carrying 81000 LT of military equipment and supplies, sailed from Liverpool on 16 September and from the Clyde on 17 September as part of Convoy WS (Winston Specials) 11X, passing Gibraltar on 24 September 1941, with a close escort under the command of Rear-Admiral Harold Burrough.
Convoy escorts
Force H (Admiral James Somerville) accompanied the convoy and consisted of the battleships , and , with the aircraft carrier with 12 Fairey Swordfish of 807 Naval Air Squadron (NAS) and 27 Fairey Fulmars of 808 NAS, the cruisers , , , and , with the destroyers , ORP Garland and and , , , , , , , , , , , , , and . The submarines and patrolled south of the Strait of Messina, and patrolled north of the Strait. The Polish submarine patrolled north of Sicily with and ; the Dutch submarine patrolled south of Sardinia. Malta had recently received a reinforcement of 27 long-range fighters (22 Bristol Beaufighters and 5 Bristol Blenheims), which bombed and strafed Italian airfields on Sicily and Sardinia and were ready to provide air cover for the convoy after Force H, with Ark Royal, turned back at the Strait of Sicily.
Prelude
{{lang|it|Regia Marina}}
Main article: Regia Marina
::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Strait_of_Sicily_map.png" caption="Map showing the [[Strait of Sicily]]}}"] ::
Italian submarines were sent to ambush the British battleships, thought to be planning a bombardment raid against the Italian coast. Dandolo, and patrolled south of Ibiza while , Serpente, and patrolled east of the Balearic Islands. Squalo, Bandiera and patrolled south-west of Sardinia and Narvalo was off the African shore of the Sicilian narrows. The light cruisers and of the 8th Cruiser Division sailed from Palermo with s Maestrale, Grecale and Scirocco of the 10th Destroyer Flotilla to take position off La Maddalena. The battleships and were prepared to sortie from Naples with , , and Gioberti of the 13th Destroyer Flotilla.
The destroyers, , and of the 16th Destroyer Flotilla while cruisers , and from Taranto with , , and of the 12th Destroyer Flotilla prepared to join them. Sardinia deployed thirty Macchi C.200, twenty Fiat CR.42 Falco fighters and twenty-six Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 and SM.84 torpedo bombers against the convoy while Sicily deployed fifteen C.200 and three Reggiane Re.2000 fighters and nine Junkers Ju 87 with twenty-four BR.20 bombers, SM.79 and SM.84 as medium bombers and plus three with torpedoes. More Italian aircraft were operational but were engaged on other operations, including bombing Malta.
Royal Navy
::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Alboran_Sea_map.png" caption="Map of the western Mediterranean}}"] ::
Ships of the Mediterranean Fleet operating from Alexandria began radio traffic to divert Luftwaffe attention to an operation in the eastern Mediterranean. On 24 September, at Gibraltar, Admiral Somerville shifted his flag from Nelson to Rodney and Nelson sailed west into the Atlantic at 18:15 escorted by Garland, Piorun and Isaac Sweers to give the impression the strength of Force H was being reduced. Nelson turned back after dusk to join the merchant ships from Convoy WS 11X, now renamed convoy GM 2 as the second convoy from Gibraltar to Malta. Force H separated from the merchant ships in the early hours of 25 September so Axis aerial reconnaissance might think only Force H was at sea. Fulmars from Ark Royal provided air cover over the convoy.
::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/HMS_Ark_Royal_h79167.jpg" caption="Swordfish]] aircraft}}"] ::
Italian aircraft found Force H on the afternoon of 25 September, and assumed the battleships were on a bombardment raid against the Italian coast. A CANT Z.506 seaplane observing Force H at 09:32 on 26 September reported a battleship with an aircraft carrier incorrectly identified as . Since Ark Royal had been seen leaving Gibraltar, the Italians assumed Furious might be flying off aircraft to reinforce Malta while Ark Royal attacked Genoa. The Italian fleet sailed from Naples to take a defensive position with the 8th cruiser division off northern Sardinia, but was ordered not to engage the British fleet unless the Italians held a decisive superiority of forces.
Battle
::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Tunisia_-Sicily-_South_Italy.jpg" caption="Satellite photograph of [[Tunisia]], [[Sicily]], [[Sardinia]], the south of [[Italy]] and [[Malta]]}}"] ::
Force H rejoined the convoy at 07:10 27 September. Sixteen destroyers formed a curved screen ahead of the two columns of merchant ships. The port column was led by the cruiser Kenya, followed by Ajax, Clan MacDonald, Imperial Star, Rowallan Castle and City of Calcutta. The starboard column was led by the cruiser Edinburgh followed by Clan Ferguson, Dunedin Star, HMS Breconshire and City of Lincoln. Rodney took position behind the port wing of the screen followed by Prince of Wales. Nelson took position behind the starboard wing of the screen followed by Ark Royal in formation with the anti-aircraft cruisers Euryalus and Hermione. The cruiser Sheffield took position astern of the merchant ships, while the destroyers Piorun and Legion were astern of Ark Royal.
Italian aircraft identified Ark Royal at 08:10 and at 10:45 reported the convoy speed of 16 kn, which indicated that merchant ships were with the convoy. The battleships from Naples rendezvoused with the cruisers from Taranto at 10:40 and were joined by the 8th Cruiser Division at 11:48. The Italian fleet was faster than the battleships of Force H but was inferior in firepower. The Regia Aeronautica gave priority to fighter defence of bomber strikes, and the six fighters providing air cover over the Italian fleet could not travel more than 100 km from their base. Since Italian aircraft had reported only one British battleship, the Italian fleet received authorisation at noon to engage the British formation. The Regia Aeronautica was requested to provide increased air cover for the Italian fleet by 14:00.
::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/R.A._SM.79_gobbo_maledetto.png" caption="SM.79 torpedo-bomber}}"] ::
The Regia Aeronautica launched a strike of 28 SM.79 and SM.84 torpedo-bombers with 20 Cr.42 fighter escorts. The convoy came under air attack at 13:00. The strike was met by Fulmars and massed anti-aircraft fire. Three bombers pressed through the barrage of starboard wing destroyers to launch torpedoes at Nelson. Nelson turned to comb the torpedo tracks and inadvertently steadied on the reciprocal course of a torpedo which struck the port side of the forecastle. Nelson slowed to 15 kn but maintained position in the convoy. The Italian torpedo-bomber had released the torpedo at a range of only 450 yd and endured concentrated anti-aircraft fire from Prince of Wales before being shot down by one of the Fulmars. Six more torpedo planes and a fighter failed to return from the strike. Friendly fire from Rodney and Prince of Wales shot down two Fulmars, and a patrolling Swordfish had been shot down by the Italian fighters before the strike ended at 13:30.
::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Fairey_Fulmar_Mk_I_from_underside.jpg" caption="Fulmar]] Mk I in flight}}"] ::
The Italian fleet was shadowed by British aircraft from Malta beginning at 13:07. At 14:30 the Italian fleet was about 40 nmi from the convoy, but "...decided to return home around 14:30 on 27 September when..." it "... learned that the British had two battleships, a carrier and six cruisers at sea." Aircraft from Ark Royal shadowed the Italian fleet from 15:15 to 17:50. Cr.42 fighters arrived at 15:30 to provide air cover but the squadron leader of the first flight was shot down by an Italian destroyer. Two more Italian pilots were lost when another flight of ten C.200s ran out of fuel and ditched in the sea. At 14:46 Prince of Wales, Rodney, Sheffield, Edinburgh, and six destroyers steamed toward the Italian fleet but were recalled at 17:00 before making contact and rejoined the convoy at 18:30.
Nelson, Rodney, Prince of Wales and Ark Royal turned west to return to Gibraltar, escorted by Duncan, Fury, Gurkha, Lance, Legion, Lively. Garland, Piorun and Isaac Sweers. Euryalus fell in astern of the port column of merchant ships while Sheffield and Hermione joined the starboard column as the remaining destroyers closed into a night steaming formation. The formation was attacked by a few torpedo bombers and Imperial Star was struck by a torpedo; Oribi took the damaged freighter in tow. Italian Motoscafo armato silurante (MAS torpedo boats) in the Strait of Messina but failed to find the convoy.
28 September
Hermione detached from the convoy to bombard Pantelleria to put the airfield out of action when the convoy arrived in Malta. The damaged Imperial Star was scuttled without loss of life to maintain convoy speed and the convoy arrived in Malta on 28 September. Force H was attacked on its return journey by three submarines and Adua was sunk by Gurkha and Legion. Another Ark Royal Fulmar fell to friendly fire from Prince of Wales, raising British aircraft losses to three Fulmars from friendly fire and one Swordfish shot down by the Italians. Italian aircraft losses were 21 including seven bombers and one fighter from enemy action, one fighter from friendly fire and ten fighters from fuel exhaustion.
Aftermath
Convoy GM 2 was the final revictualling operation to Malta in 1941 and showed that the Royal Navy had gained much experience in defending convoys under attack from surface ships, submarines and aircraft. The convoy arrived at the cost of a battleship damaged by a torpedo and the loss of Imperial Star for the Italian loss of the submarine Adua and 21 aircraft (ten aircraft ran out of fuel and ditched). In 2024, Andrew Boyd called this a fine achievement, that established Malta as an offensive base for the rest of the year. Boyd wrote that signals intelligence, air reconnaissance and staff work were excellent. The presence of an aircraft carrier was of the highest importance and even the Fulmar fighter could compete with the Italian Falco and accounted for about half of the Italia aircraft losses, causing much disorganisation amongst the rest. The Swordfish aircraft were permanent danger to Italian ships, seriously hampered Italian submarines and provided useful tactical reconnaissance during the operation. Ark Royal was unique in carrying 40 per cent more aircraft than the succeeding s. Having been with Force H for a year, Ark Royal had reached a high pitch of efficiency and even without radar had set a standard of fighter direction not reached again until Operation Pedestal in August 1942.
Somerville was knighted in recognition of his command of Force H during Operation Halberd. It was the second time Somerville had received that honour, and it occasioned a memorable congratulatory message from Andrew Cunningham "Fancy, twice a knight at your age".
Order of battle
Merchant ships
Convoy GM 2
::data[format=table title="Gibraltar to Malta (ex-Convoy WS 11X) 25–29 September 1941{{sfnm|1a1=Hague|1y=2000a|1p=192|2a1=Jordan|2y=2006|2pp=96, 115, 116, 129, 130, 139, 148, 194, 499−500}}"]
| Name | Year | Flag | GRT | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{MV | Ajax | 6}} | 1931 | United Kingdom |
| {{HMS | Breconshire | 6}} | 1939 | |
| {{SS | City of Calcutta | 6}} | 1940 | United Kingdom |
| {{SS | City of Lincoln | 6}} | 1938 | United Kingdom |
| {{SS | Clan Ferguson | 6}} | 1938 | United Kingdom |
| {{SS | Clan MacDonald | 6}} | 1939 | United Kingdom |
| {{MV | Dunedin Star | 6}} | 1936 | United Kingdom |
| {{MV | Imperial Star | 6}} | 1935 | United Kingdom |
| {{MV | Rowallan Castle | 6}} | 1939 | United Kingdom |
| :: |
Convoy MG 2
::data[format=table title="Malta to Gibraltar{{sfnm|1a1=Llewellyn-Jones|1y=2007|1p=116|2a1=Jordan|2y=2006|2pp=96, 130, 492, 504|3a1=Woodman|3y=2003|3pp=225, 235−236|4a1=Dannreuther|4y=2006|4pp=114−115}}{{efn|These ships had arrived in [[Operation Substance]].{{sfn|Dannreuther|2006|p=114}}}}"]
| Name | Year | Flag | GRT | Notes | Part 1 | Part 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1936 | United Kingdom | 11,086 | 26–29 September | |||
| 1937 | United Kingdom | 8,049 | 27–30 September | |||
| 1933 | United Kingdom | 8,535 | 27–30 September | |||
| :: |
::data[format=table title="Convoy MG 2 escort{{sfn|Woodman|2003|p=235}}"]
| Name | Flag | Type | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 27 September | |||
| :: |
Convoy escorts
::data[format=table title="Convoy escorts{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|p=103}}"]
| Name | Flag | Type | Notes | Force A | 13th Destroyer Flotilla | 8th Destroyer Flotilla | 4th Destroyer Flotilla | Force X | 4th Destroyer Flotilla | 19th Destroyer Flotilla | Rescue ships | Force S |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flag | ||||||||||||
| {{sclass | King George V | battleship | 1939}} | |||||||||
| aircraft carrier | ||||||||||||
| D-class destroyer | ||||||||||||
| F-class destroyer | ||||||||||||
| {{sclass2 | Tribal | destroyer | 1936}} | Sank Adua, 30 September | ||||||||
| N-class destroyer | ||||||||||||
| G-class destroyer | ||||||||||||
| L-class destroyer | Sank Adua, 30 September | |||||||||||
| L-class destroyer | ||||||||||||
| L-class destroyer | ||||||||||||
| 15th CS Pantellaria attack | ||||||||||||
| 10th CS Rear-Admiral Harold Burrough | ||||||||||||
| {{sclass2 | Town | cruiser | 1936}} | 18th Cruiser Squadron | ||||||||
| {{sclass2 | Town | cruiser | 1936}} | |||||||||
| {{sclass2 | Tribal | destroyer | 1936}} | |||||||||
| {{sclass2 | Tribal | destroyer | 1936}} | |||||||||
| F-class destroyer | ||||||||||||
| {{sclass2 | F | destroyer | 1934}} | |||||||||
| {{sclass2 | F | destroyer | 1934}} | |||||||||
| L-class destroyer | ||||||||||||
| L-class destroyer | ||||||||||||
| O-class destroyer | ||||||||||||
| Tanker | ||||||||||||
| Tanker escort | ||||||||||||
| :: |
Submarine patrols
::data[format=table title="British submarine patrols{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|p=104}}"] | Name | Flag | Type | |Notes | North of Sicily | South of Strait of Messina | Off Cagliari | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | | | | Offensive patrol | | | | | | | | Offensive patrol | | | | | | | | Offensive patrol | | | | | {{HMS|Upright | 6}} | | | Offensive patrol | | | | {{HMS|Urge | 6}} | | | Offensive patrol | | | | | | | Offensive patrol | | | | | | | | Offensive patrol | | | | | | | | Offensive patrol | | | | | {{HNLMS|O-21 | 6}} | | | 3 October, sank (1,369 GRT) 40°58′N, 09°59′E | | | ::
{{lang|it|Regia Aeronautica}}
::data[format=table title="Key{{sfn|Shores|Cull|Malizia|1987|p=xiii}}"]
| Name | Abbr. | English |
|---|---|---|
| Stormo | — | Usually two Gruppi of the same aircraft type |
| Gruppo | — | Two Squadriglie of multi-engined machines, three Squadriglie of single-engined aircraft |
| Squadra Aerea | — | Area command reporting to Comando Supremo in Rome |
| Autonomo | Aut. | Independent Gruppi and Squadriglie under Squadra command |
| Caccia Terrestre | C.T. | Land fighters |
| Caccia Marittima | C.M. | Maritime fighters |
| Bombardamento Terrestre | B.T. | Land bombers |
| Bombardamento Marittima | B.M. | Floatplanes |
| Bombardamento a Tuffo | B.a.T. | Dive bombers |
| Ricognizioni Marittima | R.M. | Reconnaissance Floatplanes |
| Ricognizione Strategica Terrestre | R.S.T. | Str R, Land Strategic Reconnaissance |
| Observazioni Aerea | O.A. | Tac R, Tactical reconnaissance |
| Aerosiluranti | A.S./Sil | Torpedo bomber |
| :: |
{{lang|it|Aeronautica Sardegna}}
::data[format=table title="{{lang|it|Aeronautica Sardegna}} (26 September 1941){{sfn|Greene|Massignani|2002|p=184}}"]
| Base | Flag | Type | Role | No. | Serv. | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Decimomannu (Cagliari) | Kingdom of Italy | S.84 | Torpedo bomber | 29 | 19 | |
| Decimomannu (Cagliari) | Kingdom of Italy | S.79 Sparviero | Torpedo bomber | 4 | 4 | |
| Elmas (Cagliari) | Kingdom of Italy | S.79 Sparviero | Torpedo bomber | 14 | 13 | |
| Elmas (Cagliari) | Kingdom of Italy | Cant Z.501 Gabbiano | Str R | 6 | 3 | |
| Elmas (Cagliari) | Kingdom of Italy | Cant Z.506 Airone | General | 9 | 6 | |
| Alghero | Kingdom of Italy | Cant Z.1007 Alcione | Bomber | 21 | 12 | |
| Monserrato (Cagliari) | Kingdom of Italy | Cr.42 Falco | Fighter | 35 | 29 | |
| Monserrato (Cagliari) | Kingdom of Italy | MC.200 Saetta | Fighter | 5 | 4 | 32 more, 27 September |
| Monserrato (Cagliari) | Kingdom of Italy | G.50 Freccia | Fighter | 10 | 7 | |
| Olbia | Kingdom of Italy | Cant Z.501 Gabbiano | Str R | 10 | 7 | |
| Olbia | Kingdom of Italy | Cant Z.506 Airone | 8 | 5 | ||
| Total | Kingdom of Italy | — | — | 134 | 117 | % serviceability |
| :: |
{{lang|it|Aeronautica Sicila}}
::data[format=table title="{{lang|it|Aeronautica Sicila}} (26 September 1941){{sfn|Greene|Massignani|2002|p=185}}"]
| Base | Flag | Type | Role | No. | Serv. | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinisia | Kingdom of Italy | Z.1007 Alcione | Bomber | 9 | 8 | |
| Trapani | Kingdom of Italy | Z.1007 Alcione | Bomber | 11 | 6 | |
| Trapani | Kingdom of Italy | Ju 87 Stuka | Dive bomber | 20 | 12 | |
| Trapani | Kingdom of Italy | Cr.42 Falco | Fighter | 28 | 16 | |
| Trapani | Kingdom of Italy | MC.200 Saetta | Fighter | 9 | 3 | |
| Trapani | Kingdom of Italy | Re.2000 Falco I | Fighter | 11 | 3 | |
| Sciacca | Kingdom of Italy | S.79 Sparviero | Bomber | 21 | 9 | |
| Catania | Kingdom of Italy | BR.20 Cigogna | Bomber | 18 | 9 | |
| Catania | Kingdom of Italy | Cr.42 Falco | Fighter | 15 | 9 | |
| Catania | Kingdom of Italy | MC.200 Saetta | Fighter | 67 | 47 | |
| Gerbini | Kingdom of Italy | BR.20 Cigogna | Bomber | 15 | 6 | |
| Gerbini | Kingdom of Italy | S.84 | Torpedo bomber | 5 | 3 | |
| Gerbini | Kingdom of Italy | S.79 Sparviero | Bomber | 6 | 5 | |
| Comiso | Kingdom of Italy | MC.202 Folgore | Fighter | 28 | 28 | |
| Gela | Kingdom of Italy | MC.200 Saetta | Fighter | 24 | 15 | |
| Gela | Kingdom of Italy | Cr.42 Falco | Fighter | 8 | 5 | |
| Syracuse | Kingdom of Italy | Z.506 Airone | Str R | 6 | 3 | |
| Augusta | Kingdom of Italy | Z.506 Airone | Str R | 11 | 8 | |
| Augusta | Kingdom of Italy | Z.501 Gabbiano | Str R | 17 | 15 | |
| Stagnone | Kingdom of Italy | Z.501 Gabbiano | Str R | 12 | 7 | |
| Total | Kingdom of Italy | — | — | 341 | 217 | % serviceability |
| :: |
{{lang|it|Regia Marina}}
::data[format=table title="Ships{{sfn|Greene|Massignani|2002|p=184}}"]
| Name | Flag | Type | Notes | Palermo | Taranto |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{ship | Italian cruiser | Muzio Attendolo | 2}} | Kingdom of Italy | |
| Abruzzi | Kingdom of Italy | 8th Cruiser Division | |||
| {{ship | Italian battleship | Andrea Doria | 2}} | Kingdom of Italy | |
| {{ship | Italian battleship | Duilio | 2}} | Kingdom of Italy | |
| {{ship | Italian battleship | Giulio Cesare | 2}} | Kingdom of Italy | |
| :: |
Submarines
::data[format=table title="Submarine patrols{{sfnm|1a1=Rohwer|1a2=Hümmelchen|1y=2005|1p=103|2a1=Woodman|2y=2003|2p=237}}"]
| Name | Flag | Class | Notes | North of Cap Ferrat | North of Cap Bougaroûn | North of | Off Cap Bon |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{ship | Italian submarine | Adua | 2}} | Kingdom of Italy | Offensive patrol, depth-charged, sunk, 30 September | ||
| {{ship | Italian submarine | Dandolo | 2}} | Kingdom of Italy | Offensive patrol | ||
| {{ship | Italian submarine | Turchese | 2}} | Kingdom of Italy | Offensive patrol | ||
| {{ship | Italian submarine | Axum | 2}} | Kingdom of Italy | Offensive patrol | ||
| {{ship | Italian submarine | Serpente | 2}} | Kingdom of Italy | Offensive patrol, depth-charged, 29 September | ||
| {{ship | Italian submarine | Aradam | 2}} | Kingdom of Italy | Offensive patrol | ||
| {{ship | Italian submarine | Diaspro | 2}} | Kingdom of Italy | Offensive patrol, depth-charged, 29 September | ||
| {{ship | Italian submarine | Squalo | 2}} | Kingdom of Italy | Offensive patrol | ||
| {{ship | Italian submarine | Fratelli Bandiera | 2}} | Kingdom of Italy | Offensive patrol | ||
| {{ship | Italian submarine | Delfino | 2}} | Kingdom of Italy | Offensive patrol | ||
| {{ship | Italian submarine | Narvalo | 2}} | Kingdom of Italy | Offensive patrol | ||
| :: |
Notes
Footnotes
References
::callout[type=info title="Wikipedia Source"] This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page. ::