Olean, New York

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title: "Olean, New York" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["olean,-new-york", "populated-places-established-in-1765", "cities-in-new-york-(state)", "cities-in-cattaraugus-county,-new-york", "1765-establishments-in-the-province-of-new-york"] topic_path: "geography" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olean,_New_York" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::data[format=table title="Infobox settlement"]

FieldValue
official_nameOlean, New York
settlement_typeCity
image_skylineG.A.R. Memorial, Lincoln Park, Olean, New York - 20210730.jpg
image_captionLincoln Park in Olean
pushpin_mapNew York#USA
pushpin_reliefyes
pushpin_labelOlean
map_captionLocation of Olean in New York State
subdivision_typeCountry
subdivision_nameUnited States
subdivision_type1State
subdivision_name1New York
subdivision_type2County
subdivision_name2Cattaraugus
government_typeMayor-Council
leader_titleMayor
leader_nameAmy Sherburne
leader_title1Common Council
leader_name1{{Collapsible list
titleMembers' List
frame_styleborder:none; padding: 0;
list_styletext-align:left;display:none;
1• W1: Lawrence Bennion (R)
2• W2: Joseph Keary (R)
3• W3: Jennifer Forney (R)
4• W4: Sonya McCall (D)
5• W5: John Crawford (D)
6• W6: Vernon Robinson Jr.(I)
7• W7: David Anastasia (D)
area_footnotes
area_total_km215.97
area_land_km215.28
area_water_km20.69
population_as_of2020
population_total13937
population_density_km2912.11
timezoneEST
utc_offset−5
timezone_DSTEDT
utc_offset_DST−4
postal_code_typeZip Code
postal_code14760
area_codes716, 585
blank_nameFIPS code
blank_info36-009-54716
coordinates
website
population_density_sq_mi2362.20
unit_prefImperial
area_total_sq_mi6.17
area_land_sq_mi5.90
area_water_sq_mi0.27
::

| official_name = Olean, New York | settlement_type = City | image_skyline = G.A.R. Memorial, Lincoln Park, Olean, New York - 20210730.jpg | image_caption = Lincoln Park in Olean | pushpin_map = New York#USA | pushpin_relief = yes | pushpin_label = Olean | map_caption = Location of Olean in New York State | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = United States | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = New York | subdivision_type2 = County | subdivision_name2 = Cattaraugus | government_type = Mayor-Council | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Amy Sherburne (R) | leader_title1 = Common Council | leader_name1 = {{Collapsible list |title = Members' List |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |1 = • W1: Lawrence Bennion (R) |2 = • W2: Joseph Keary (R) |3 = • W3: Jennifer Forney (R) |4 = • W4: Sonya McCall (D) |5 = • W5: John Crawford (D) |6 = • W6: Vernon Robinson Jr.(I) |7 = • W7: David Anastasia (D) | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 15.97 | area_land_km2 = 15.28 | area_water_km2 = 0.69 | population_as_of = 2020 | population_total = 13937 | population_density_km2 = 912.11 | timezone = EST | utc_offset = −5 | timezone_DST = EDT | utc_offset_DST = −4 | postal_code_type = Zip Code | postal_code = 14760 | area_codes = 716, 585 | blank_name = FIPS code | blank_info = 36-009-54716 | coordinates = | website = | population_density_sq_mi = 2362.20 | unit_pref = Imperial | area_total_sq_mi = 6.17 | area_land_sq_mi = 5.90 | area_water_sq_mi = 0.27

Olean ( ) is a city in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States. Olean is the largest city in Cattaraugus County and serves as its financial, business, transportation and entertainment center. It is one of the principal cities of the Southern Tier region of Western New York.

The city is surrounded by the town of Olean and is located in the southeastern part of Cattaraugus County.

History

The first European in the area was possibly Joseph de La Roche Daillon, a missionary and explorer from Canada. La Roche reported on the presence of oil near Cuba, New York; the first petroleum sighting in North America. At that time the area was a part of the territory of the Wenrohronon or Wenro Indians, an Iroquoian-speaking people. In 1643, the Wenro tribes became the first victims of a series of brutal conflicts known as the Second Beaver War.

The area was first settled by Europeans around 1765, called by the Indian name "Ischua". Officially, this was illegal, as the British had declared the land in the Allegheny River watershed to be part of the Indian Reserve after conquering the territory in the French and Indian War two years prior. The surface is a hilly upland, separated into two distinct parts by the valley of the Allegheny. The highest points are 500 to above the valley. During the American Revolutionary War, the 1779 Sullivan Expedition established the first road to what would become Olean, blazing a trail to what is now Kittanning, Pennsylvania along the path of what is now New York State Route 16.

Originally the entire territory of the county of Cattaraugus was called the Town of Olean, formed March 11, 1808. As population allowed, the county was split in half and the top half was called "Hebe", and was taken off in 1812, a part of Perrysburgh in 1814, then Great Valley in 1818. Hinsdale formed in 1820, and Portville in 1837, leaving the current boundary of Olean that lies upon the south line of the county, near the southeast corner. The area remained sparsely populated until 1804, when Major Adam Hoops acquired the land and gave it its modern name. Hoops was a surveyor and Revolutionary Warveteran, and was politically connected with Robert Morris, the financier of the Revolution. Along with Morris, Hoops became involved with the Holland Land Company, which was settling western New York.

This was a time of great western expansion into places such as Ohio and Indiana. Since neither canals nor railroads had become widespread by this point, the main means of travel was either by cart or small-boat travel. The Allegheny River was a major transportation route. Hoops believed that a great city could be created at the confluence of the Allegheny and one of its tributaries and went looking for the right spot. In 1804 he found a spot where Olean Creek meets the river; the confluence was important as it was the farthest point downstream in the state before hitting the Seneca Reservation that surrounded most of New York's piece of the river. Hoops received title to 20000 acre from the Holland Land Company in 1804. Hoops' brother Robert came to the site and built the first permanent structure near today's Forness Park, calling the area Hamilton in honor of Alexander Hamilton.

In a letter to Joseph Ellicott in 1804, Hoops discusses the name Olean from the local Oil Springs and the Latin word oleum: ::quote

Canandaigua, N.Y., April 15, 1804 "To Joseph ELLICOTT, Esq., Batavia, New York. Dear Sir,―It was proposed to me at New York to drop the Indian name of Ischue or Ischua (it is also spelt other ways). Confusion might arise from the various spellings, of which to obviate all risk I have concluded so to do as proposed. The neighborhood of the oil spring suggests a name different in sound, though perhaps not different in meaning, which I wish to adopt,―it is "Olean." You will do me a favor by assisting me to establish this name. It may easily be done now by your concurrence. The purpose will be most effectually answered by employing the term, when occasion requires, without saying anything of an intended change of name. To begin, you will greatly oblige me by addressing the first letter you may have occasion to write to me, after I receive the survey, to the Mouth of Olean. The bearer being properly instructed, there will be thereafter no difficulty. Your co-operation in the matter (the effect of which, though not important in itself, may be so on account of precision) will oblige. Your servant, A. HOOPS ::

The Post Office recognized the new town as "Olean Point". The site was surveyed by 1808, and a map from that year shows a basic street pattern that still survives, along with most of the modern street names. In 1823, the city is called Olean, without the "Point", on county maps.

In 1854 Olean was formally incorporated by the New York State Legislature, and the trustees elected at the first subsequent town meeting were Lambert Thithney, C.B.B. Barse, Charles Thing, and John K. Comstock. Enos C. Brooks was appointed clerk of Olean.

Timber and railroads

Adam Hoops's dream of creating a major transportation hub on the Allegheny River, on the scale of a Buffalo or a Pittsburgh, was never realized and he himself died in poverty. Nonetheless, Olean prospered and was soon the central town of the region. Olean grew quickly as a transportation hub for migrants taking the Allegheny River into Ohio. For much of this era Olean was larger and better known than its northern competitor Buffalo. This period ended with the creation of the great canals, especially the Erie Canal in 1825. The Allegheny River was usually too shallow for the larger steamboats to navigate, except in the spring, and only two steamboats—the Allegheny in 1830 and the New Castle of 1837—reached the city. A Genesee Valley Canal was extended to Olean and the Allegheny River in 1862, but the Allegheny's shallowness and the rise of the railroads rendered it obsolete before it even opened.

Timber was a major industry in New York and Pennsylvania between 1830 and 1850, and Olean was the chief timber town in the region during those times. After river travel declined Olean became the regional railroad hub. The town was the crossroads of several railroads, a situation which endures into today with the Western New York and Pennsylvania Railroad.

Olean was the home of several corporations. During the late-19th century, Olean had a few mills, a bicycle company, a manufacturer of mechanical pumps and a glass works, among other factories. St. Bonaventure University was founded just outside town in 1858. Olean was incorporated as a village in 1854, and as a city in 1893. Olean was a rival of the comparably-populated, but much newer, city of Salamanca, New York at the turn of the 20th century, but the decline of the timber industry in southwestern Cattaraugus County and complications with Salamanca being situated on borrowed Seneca Nation land allowed Olean to continue growing while Salamanca declined.

Oil and rum-running

Oil was first discovered in the region by a French explorer in 1632, but it was rediscovered for commercial use during the Pennsylvania oil rush. Oil became the city's claim to fame for fifty years.

Olean was the railroad and pipeline hub for the surrounding oil region. The operations HQ of Standard Oil's New York affiliate, Socony, was based in the city. Oil produced on both sides of the state line (e.g. in Bradford, Pennsylvania) would be transported to Olean for rail travel. For a short time, Olean was the world's largest oil depot, complete with a "tank city" on the edge of town. A pipeline was also built linking the city to Standard Oil refineries in Bayonne, New Jersey. The oil industry maintained a presence in the city until 1954, the same year in which Olean's population peaked.

Oil also produced Olean's highest-ranking politician. Oil executive Frank W. Higgins was governor of New York in 1905–1907. Higgins' family owned grocery stores in the area, and Higgins also ran this business before his political career. To this day, Olean is one of the few smaller cities in New York State to be home to a governor.

Olean garnered notoriety as a major stop on bootlegging routes during Prohibition through the 1920s until 1933. Dempsey, the Chief of Police, did not condone these thugs or their illegal activities. He did not aggressively pursue arrests, however, unless he had evidence that the violator was responsible for a crime committed in his jurisdiction. As long as you kept your nose clean in the Olean City limits, it was a "safe haven". Local stories relating to this period are numerous. Some are documented and some are legends. Olean, located on a back-road route between Chicago and New York City, was often frequented by famous mobsters of the era. Al Capone of Chicago, probably the most famous gang leader of the time, visited Olean in pursuance of his illegal endeavors. Olean was nicknamed "Little Chicago" in the press, due to its connection with mobsters and bootleggers, and Capone was a frequent visitor.

Today

In September 1968, Olean was the first city in the United States to install video cameras along its main business street in an effort to fight crime.

Olean is the largest city in Cattaraugus County. The city's population peaked at an estimated 25,000 during the mid-1950s. The current population of the city is around 15,000.

Geography

Olean is located in southeastern Cattaraugus County at (42.08264, -78.430965).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 16.0 sqkm, of which 15.3 sqkm is land and 0.7 sqkm, or 4.19%, is water.

The city is located where Olean Creek flows into the Allegheny River and by the Southern Tier Expressway (Interstate 86 and New York State Route 17). New York State Route 417 passes east–west through the city and intersects New York State Route 16, a north–south highway.

Climate

As a result of its higher elevation, Olean has a cooler humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) than the larger western New York cities with hot-summer humid continental climates (Dfa). |location = Olean, New York, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1927–present |single line = Yes

|Jan record high F = 66 |Feb record high F = 73 |Mar record high F = 80 |Apr record high F = 87 |May record high F = 92 |Jun record high F = 92 |Jul record high F = 99 |Aug record high F = 93 |Sep record high F = 94 |Oct record high F = 86 |Nov record high F = 78 |Dec record high F = 70

|Jan avg record high F = 56.9 |Feb avg record high F = 55.7 |Mar avg record high F = 66.3 |Apr avg record high F = 79.3 |May avg record high F = 86.5 |Jun avg record high F = 88.4 |Jul avg record high F = 89.3 |Aug avg record high F = 87.6 |Sep avg record high F = 86.6 |Oct avg record high F = 78.9 |Nov avg record high F = 69.0 |Dec avg record high F = 57.1 |year avg record high F = 90.9

|Jan high F = 31.7 |Feb high F = 34.4 |Mar high F = 43.1 |Apr high F = 56.5 |May high F = 68.3 |Jun high F = 76.0 |Jul high F = 80.3 |Aug high F = 78.7 |Sep high F = 72.6 |Oct high F = 59.8 |Nov high F = 47.3 |Dec high F = 37.1 |year high F =

|Jan mean F = 22.4 |Feb mean F = 24.6 |Mar mean F = 32.1 |Apr mean F = 44.5 |May mean F = 56.0 |Jun mean F = 64.2 |Jul mean F = 68.6 |Aug mean F = 67.0 |Sep mean F = 60.8 |Oct mean F = 49.1 |Nov mean F = 37.9 |Dec mean F = 28.9 |year mean F =

|Jan low F = 13.1 |Feb low F = 14.8 |Mar low F = 21.1 |Apr low F = 32.4 |May low F = 43.7 |Jun low F = 52.5 |Jul low F = 57.0 |Aug low F = 55.3 |Sep low F = 49.0 |Oct low F = 38.4 |Nov low F = 28.5 |Dec low F = 20.7 |year low F =

|Jan avg record low F = -7.6 |Feb avg record low F = -4.1 |Mar avg record low F = 3.4 |Apr avg record low F = 20.4 |May avg record low F = 30.1 |Jun avg record low F = 39.8 |Jul avg record low F = 47.9 |Aug avg record low F = 47.0 |Sep avg record low F = 38.5 |Oct avg record low F = 26.8 |Nov avg record low F = 14.8 |Dec avg record low F = 4.7 |year avg record low F = -11.0

|Jan record low F = -22 |Feb record low F = -21 |Mar record low F = -16 |Apr record low F = 15 |May record low F = 23 |Jun record low F = 30 |Jul record low F = 42 |Aug record low F = 43 |Sep record low F = 30 |Oct record low F = 17 |Nov record low F = -2 |Dec record low F = -12

|precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation inch = 2.73 |Feb precipitation inch = 1.97 |Mar precipitation inch = 2.63 |Apr precipitation inch = 3.35 |May precipitation inch = 3.66 |Jun precipitation inch = 4.48 |Jul precipitation inch = 4.28 |Aug precipitation inch = 4.03 |Sep precipitation inch = 3.85 |Oct precipitation inch = 3.60 |Nov precipitation inch = 2.87 |Dec precipitation inch = 3.22 |year precipitation inch =

|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in |Jan precipitation days = 18.9 |Feb precipitation days = 15.2 |Mar precipitation days = 14.9 |Apr precipitation days = 14.7 |May precipitation days = 14.7 |Jun precipitation days = 14.3 |Jul precipitation days = 12.9 |Aug precipitation days = 12.8 |Sep precipitation days = 12.4 |Oct precipitation days = 15.4 |Nov precipitation days = 14.4 |Dec precipitation days = 18.1

|Jan snow inch = 17.6 |Feb snow inch = 13.7 |Mar snow inch = 10.1 |Apr snow inch = 1.8 |May snow inch = 0.0 |Jun snow inch = 0.0 |Jul snow inch = 0.0 |Aug snow inch = 0.0 |Sep snow inch = 0.0 |Oct snow inch = 0.3 |Nov snow inch = 6.3 |Dec snow inch = 14.9 |year snow inch =

|unit snow days = 0.1 in |Jan snow days = 12.5 |Feb snow days = 10.3 |Mar snow days = 6.0 |Apr snow days = 1.8 |May snow days = 0.0 |Jun snow days = 0.0 |Jul snow days = 0.0 |Aug snow days = 0.0 |Sep snow days = 0.0 |Oct snow days = 0.2 |Nov snow days = 3.7 |Dec snow days = 9.2

|Jan snow depth inch = 7.7 |Feb snow depth inch = 6.9 |Mar snow depth inch = 7.0 |Apr snow depth inch = 1.3 |May snow depth inch = 0.0 |Jun snow depth inch = 0.0 |Jul snow depth inch = 0.0 |Aug snow depth inch = 0.0 |Sep snow depth inch = 0.0 |Oct snow depth inch = 0.2 |Nov snow depth inch = 3.6 |Dec snow depth inch = 6.2 |year snow depth inch = 10.5

|source 1 = NOAA |url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00306196&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL |publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title = U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Olean, NY |access-date = June 16, 2023 |source 2 = National Weather Service |url = https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=buf |publisher = National Weather Service |title = NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Buffalo |access-date = June 16, 2023

Demographics

|1870= 1327 |1880= 3036 |1890= 7358 |1900= 9462 |1910= 14743 |1920= 20506 |1930= 21790 |1940= 21506 |1950= 22884 |1960= 21868 |1970= 19169 |1980= 18207 |1990= 16946 |2000= 15347 |2010= 14452 |2020= 13437 |footnote=U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000, there were 15,347 people, 6,446 households, and 3,803 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,588.0 PD/sqmi. There were 7,121 housing units at an average density of 1,200.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 93.31% White, 3.47% Black or African American, 0.43% Native American, 0.89% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.43% from other races, and 1.45% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.24% of the population.

There were 6,446 households, out of which 29.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.0% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.0% were non-families. 35.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.6% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 17.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $30,400, and the median income for a family was $38,355. Males had a median income of $32,341 versus $22,469 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,169. About 13.9% of families and 15.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.5% of those under age 18 and 10.2% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

  • Cutco is headquartered in Olean and manufactures all of its knives in the city.
  • Dresser-Rand's North American headquarters was in Olean.
  • Hysol Corporation, later bought by Dexter Corporation and then Henkel was one of Olean's largest employers. Henkel sold the company to SolEpoxy in 2010.
  • Colonial Radio Group was headquartered in Olean from 2009 to 2018. It has since exited the region and moved to the Carolinas.
  • Olean General Hospital, is part of Upper Allegheny Health System (UAHS), which includes Bradford Regional Medical Center (BRMC) in Bradford, Pennsylvania. UAHS provides care to a service area with more than 160,000 individuals in Southwestern New York and Northwestern Pennsylvania.
  • Olean Wholesale Grocery, a regional grocery wholesaler, was located just east of the city. It was bought out by C&S Wholesale Grocers with intent to close the facility in 2019.

Education

The Olean City School District has two elementary schools, East View Elementary and Washington West Elementary; a middle school, Olean Intermediate Middle School; and Olean High School is the city's public high school. It was the site of the 1974 Olean High School shooting.

Archbishop Walsh Academy is Olean's Roman Catholic school for grades K-12.

A branch of Jamestown Community College is within the city. St. Bonaventure University is a few miles to the west in the town of Allegany.

Sports

Historic sites

The following are listed on the National Register of Historic Places: Beardsley-Oliver House, Conklin Mountain House, Oak Hill Park Historic District, Olean Armory, Olean Public Library, Olean School No. 10, St. Stephen's Episcopal Church Complex, Temple B'Nai Israel, Union and State Streets Historic District, and the United States Post Office.

The Church of St Mary of the Angels on Henley Street was built in 1915 and was designated by Pope Francis as a basilica in 2017.Religious author Thomas Merton often went to the Church to pray and attend confession during his transition into prayer and spirituality and renouncement of an unchaste lifestyle. At the close of 1940, he stopped into St. Mary of the Angels one last time to pray the stations of the cross before boarding the train taking him to the Abbey of Our Lady of Gethsemani.

Transportation

Interstate 86 spans east–west and is to the northern edge of Olean. New York Route 16 heads north from Olean to Buffalo. New York Route 417 heads east from Olean. Until 1968, the Pennsylvania Railroad operated the Buffalo Day Express heading north from Washington, D.C., through Olean to Buffalo (the Baltimore Day Express operated on the southbound version of the route). The Penn Central railroad operated an unnamed successor train through Olean from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania to Buffalo between 1968 and May 1, 1971, when passenger train service in the region ended with the inception of Amtrak.

Since 2001, the former Erie Lackawanna Railway mainline between Hornell, NY and Meadville, PA has been operated by the Western New York and Pennsylvania Railroad, a shortline railroad that has also operated portions of the former Pennsylvania Railroad Buffalo Line, both north and south of its Olean headquarters, since 2007.

Until January 6, 1970, the Erie Lackawanna Railroad operated through Olean with the Chicago - Hoboken, New Jersey " Lake Cities": the last passenger train to traverse the entire Southern Tier. The Erie and the PRR train stations were about 1 mi apart.

The nearest general commercial airports with scheduled flights for the public are in Erie, Buffalo and the Elmira area.

Notable people

Sports

Arts

Politics

Other

References

References

  1. "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau.
  2. (1879). "History of Cattaraugus".
  3. [http://www.oleantimesherald.com/news/state-and-union-river-traffic-dreams-never-realized-at-olean/article_b80dfd40-204e-11e6-ab50-c77e4ebece48.html State and Union: River-traffic dreams never realized at Olean Point] {{Webarchive. link. (May 25, 2016 . ''Olean Times Herald'' (May 22, 2016). Retrieved May 22, 2016.)
  4. "Photo".
  5. (2012-12-12). "Web Page". City of Olean.
  6. [Robb, Gary C. (1979) "Police Use of CCTV Surveillance: Constitutional Implications and Proposed Regulations" University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform. pg. 572]
  7. (2011-02-12). "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". [[United States Census Bureau]].
  8. "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Olean city, New York". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder.
  9. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov.
  10. "U.S. Census website". [[United States Census Bureau]].
  11. (2007). "The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball". [[Baseball America]].
  12. "Olean, New York Encyclopedia".
  13. Chapman, Chris (May 12, 2014). [http://www.buffalonews.com/city-region/olean/bradner-stadium-makeover-almost-complete-field-house-is-next-20140511 Bradner Stadium makeover almost complete, field house is next]. ''The Buffalo News''. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
  14. Wilson, Sam. (16 September 2014). "An extra-long season ends for So. Tier Diesel". Olean Times Herald.
  15. "Olean Adult Soccer League".
  16. {{NRISref. 2010a
  17. (2012-01-13). "National Register of Historic Places Listings". National Park Service.
  18. (2015-06-12). "National Register of Historic Places Listings". National Park Service.
  19. (March 17, 2017). "Pope names St. Mary of the Angels Church in Olean a basilica". [[WNED-TV.
  20. "About Thomas Merton".
  21. "History 1850-Present".
  22. Merton, Thomas. (1998). "The Seven Storey Mountain". [[Harcourt (publisher).
  23. "Merton at our church".
  24. (December 1959). "Pennsylvania Railroad, Table 82". National Railway Publication Company.
  25. (June 1968). "Penn Central, Table 42". National Railway Publication Company.
  26. [https://ctr.trains.com/~/media/import/files/pdf/f/7/7/passenger_trains_operating_on_the_eve_of_amtrak.pdf Trains magazine, 'Passenger trains operating on the eve of Amtrak'] {{Webarchive. link. (February 24, 2021 ; accessed October 2, 2021.)
  27. Sanders, Craig (2003). Limiteds, Locals, and Expresses in Indiana, 1838–1971. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press;{{ISBN. 978-0-253-34216-4
  28. (August 1949). "Index of Railroad Stations, 1413". National Railway Publication Company.
  29. "George Capwell, padre de los eléctricos".
  30. EBERTH, JOHN T.. (March 14, 2006). "Olean-born game show host killed in plane crash".
  31. "Sarah E. Kellogg".

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