Nuphar

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Genus of aquatic plants

title: "Nuphar" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["nuphar", "freshwater-plants", "aquatic-plants", "nymphaeales-genera"] description: "Genus of aquatic plants" topic_path: "general/nuphar" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuphar" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Genus of aquatic plants ::

|taxon = Nuphar |image = Гле́чики жо́вті, лата́ття жо́вте або куби́шка жо́вта (Nuphar lutea) 18.jpg |image_caption = Flowering Nuphar lutea |authority = Sibth. & Sm. | synonyms =

  • Nymphona Bubani
  • Nenuphar Link
  • Nymphozanthus Rich.
  • Ropalon Raf. |synonyms_ref = |type_species = Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm.

Nuphar is a genus of aquatic plants in the family Nymphaeaceae, with a temperate to subarctic Northern Hemisphere distribution. Common names include water-lily (Eurasian species; shared with many other genera in the same family), pond-lily, alligator-bonnet or bonnet lily, and spatterdock (North American species).

Description

|Image = Коріння Глечиків Жовтих (Nuphar lutea).jpg |bSize = 300 |cWidth = 220 |cHeight = 220 |oTop = 50 |oLeft = 0 |Description = Branching rhizomes of Nuphar lutea | direction = vertical | width = 220 | header = | image1 = Nuphar variegata 15-p.bot-nuphar.vari-005.jpg | caption1 = | image2 = Nuphar variegata 15-p.bot-nuphar.vari-004.jpg | caption2 = Upper and lower surface of Nuphar variegata leaf

Nuphar species are aquatic, which are not stoloniferous. The rhizomes bear conspicuous leaf scars. The adventitious roots grow underneath and at the side of the rhizome. The leaves can be submerged, floating, or emergent. Their lamina can be ovate, elliptic, orbicular, linear, obovate, or lanceolate. The lamina has an entire margin, but it can be crisped in submerged leaves. The long, flattened, winged, or cylindrical petioles can be pubescent or glabrous.

The flowers are solitary, subglobose, diurnal, pedunculate, floating are 40–71 μm long and 30.4–60 μm wide. The gynoecium consists of 4–36 fused carpels. The fruit is 0.5–5 cm wide, ovoid to urceolate, borne on straight peduncles, and bears smooth, exarillate seeds up to 6 mm long.

|Nuphar sagittifolia.jpg|Nuphar sagittifolia with sagittate leaves |Nuphar lutea sl30.jpg|Cross section of N. lutea petioles |Nuphar variegata 15-p.bot-nuphar.vari-009.jpg|Longitudinally cut flower of N. variegata |Nuphar variegata 15-p.bot-nuphar.vari-067.jpg|Cross section of N. variegata carpels |Nuphar lutea sl44.jpg|Seeds of N. lutea

Taxonomy

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Nuphar_lutea_02_by-dpc.jpg" caption="Unripe fruit of ''Nuphar lutea''"] ::

The genus Nuphar Sm. was published by James Edward Smith in 1809. The type species is Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. The genus Nuphar Sm. has several synonyms: Nymphona Bubani published by Pietro Bubani in 1901, Nenuphar Link published by Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link in 1822, Nymphozanthus Rich. published by Louis Claude Marie Richard in 1808, and Ropalon Raf. published by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1837. The genus has been divided into two sections: the autonymous section Nuphar sect. Nuphar with Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. as the type species, as well as the section Nuphar sect. Astylus Padgett published by Donald Jay Padgett in 1999 with Nuphar advena (Aiton) W.T.Aiton as the type species.

The number of species in the genus is still under review. Until the mid-20th century, some botanists treated the genus as just a single variable species (for which the European N. lutea has priority), while some other authorities accepted about a dozen more species on the basis of traditional taxonomic standards. Recent molecular work has shown that there are substantial differences between the Eurasian species (sect. Nuphar) and American species (sect. Astylus), except for North American N. microphylla which clusters with the Eurasian species. Molecular taxonomy has shown conclusively that recognition of so few species is out of the question, and forced an increased number of recognised species; some sources list about seventy. The Kew Gardens plant list includes over twenty accepted species, subspecies and varieties; it also has a similar number as yet unresolved, together with over twenty synonyms.

Species

Nuphar sect. Astylus Padgett

Nuphar sect. Nuphar (autonym)

There also are several interspecific hybrids:

Additional species include:

Fossil taxa

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Nuphar_carlquistii_seeds_01a.jpg" caption="Fossilised seeds of †''[[Nuphar carlquistii]]''"] ::

Numerous fossil species have been described:

Related taxa

In 2017, the abundant fossilized seeds of a water lily, known as Notonuphar, were identified in the Eocene-aged La Meseta Formation of Seymour Island, Antarctica. The seed anatomy of Notonuphar closely resembles that of Nuphar, and for this reason, both are thought to be sister genera. Notonuphar is the first relative of Nuphar known to have inhabited Gondwana, and the wide geographic separation of both genera (Notonuphar inhabited Antarctica, while all extant and extinct Nuphar species are known from the Northern Hemisphere) supports the modern range of Nuphar being a relict distribution.

Etymology

The etymology of the word is: medieval Latin nuphar, from medieval Latin nenuphar, thence from Arabic nīnūfar, thence from Persian nīlūfar, thence from Sanskrit nīlōtpala = blue lotus flower. For botanical gender, the name is treated as feminine.

Habitat

Nuphar species occur in ponds, lakes, and slow-moving rivers, growing in water up to 5 m deep; different species are variously adapted either to nutrient-rich waters (e.g. N. lutea) or nutrient-poor waters (e.g. N. pumila).

Wetland soils are hypoxic and this genus is known to be capable of temporary growth even in the absence of oxygen. Also there can be mass flow of oxygen-containing air, entering by means of the young leaves, passing through the rhizome, and exiting through the older leaves. Both of these physiological adaptations to flooding are considered typical of many wetland and aquatic plants.

Ecology

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Nuphar_subintegerrimum_and_bee.JPG" caption="N. subintegerrima]]'' flower attended by [[hoverfly"] ::

Like many other vigorously growing members of Nymphaeaceae, some species of Nuphar tend to cover the water surface completely, blocking out the light and thereby killing both submerged plants and less competitive surface-growing aquatics. They also produce alkaloids that have experimentally been shown to be allelopathic, though it is not clear how relevant the compounds may be in the wild.

Birds such as some species of ducks eat Nuphar seeds, and mammals such as beaver and coypu eat the roots of at least some species. Deer eat the flowers and young leaves, and the leaves are grazed by other animals.

Nuphar flowers are pollinated by flies, bees, and beetles.

Uses

Some species have been used by indigenous peoples. Young shoots and leaves sometimes were cooked but might be too bitter to eat. Whether the roots may be eaten, as is widely reported, is open to doubt; some sources claim that they are too bitter, too full of tannin, or simply too poisonous to eat unsoaked, except when treated for so long that they are not viable as a famine food. All sources however, agree that ripe seeds may be popped or variously used in cookery. They then are pleasant and nutritious, but require a lot of work to harvest and strip from the fruit capsule. To some extent this may be circumvented rotting the fruit under water for three weeks or more, after which removing the seeds is easier. The rotting material however, is very unpleasant to deal with. The flower petals are said to be used in making tea, but it is not clear whether that refers to the petals proper, or to the larger and more conspicuous sepals. The leaves of some species are large enough to be of use in wrapping food, for example in cooking.

Alkaloids in the genus include nupharolutine, nuphamine and nupharidine. The presence of such compounds could explain some of the medicinal uses.

There has been growing interest in Nuphar alkaloids, their biological and pharmacological significance and their synthesis in recent decades. It has been speculated that these and other bioactive compounds might be related to some of the folk-medical applications of the plants.

Apart from pharmaceuticals, Nuphar leaves are reported to contain sufficient concentrations of tannin to have been widely used for tanning and dyeing leather, and also as a styptic for staunching bleeding. The roots of some species also contain sufficient tannin to have been used for tanning.

References

References

  1. "''Nuphar'' Sm.".
  2. (2014). "Wildflowers of the eastern United States". Stackpole Books.
  3. [[perennial]], [[heterophyllous]] herbs growing from branching [[rhizome]]s,''Nuphar'' Smith. (n.d.). Flora of China @ efloras.org. Retrieved November 27, 2024, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=122507
  4. Sibthorp, John, & Smith, James Edward. (1806). Florae Graecae prodromus; sive Plantarum omnium enumeratio (Vol. 1, p. 361). Typis Richardi Taylor, veneunt apud J. White. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6114770
  5. ''Nuphar'' Sm. (n.d.). International Plant Names Index. Retrieved November 27, 2024, from https://www.ipni.org/n/331808-2
  6. ''Nuphar'' sect. ''Astylus'' Padgett. (n.d.). International Plant Names Index. Retrieved November 27, 2024, from https://www.ipni.org/n/318884-2
  7. Padgett, D. J. (1999). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9305430 Nomenclatural novelties in ''Nuphar'' (Nymphaeaceae).] Sida, Contributions to Botany, 823-826.
  8. "Genus: ''Nuphar'' Sm.". USDA.
  9. The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ (accessed February 2016)
  10. Beal, E. O.. (1956). "Taxonomic revision of the genus ''Nuphar'' Sm. of North America and Europe". Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society.
  11. "''Nuphar'' Sm. pond-lily". USDA.
  12. Wiersema, J. H.. (1997). "Nymphaeaceae". Flora of North America.
  13. (2007). "A Monograph of ''Nuphar'' (Nymphaeaceae)". Rhodora.
  14. (2015). "''Nuphar carlquistii'' sp. nov. (Nymphaeaceae): A Water Lily from the Latest Early Eocene, Republic, Washington". International Journal of Plant Sciences.
  15. Padgett, Donald. (1998). "Phenetic distinction between the dwarf yellow water-lilies: Nuphar microphylla and N. pumila (Nymphaeaceae)". Canadian Journal of Botany.
  16. "''Nuphar'' × ''fluminalis'' Shiga & Kadono".
  17. "''Nuphar'' × ''porphyranthera'' Lansdown & Ruhsam".
  18. "''Nuphar'' × ''rubrodisca'' Morong".
  19. "''Nuphar'' × ''saijoensis'' (Shimoda) Padgett & Shimoda".
  20. "''Nuphar'' × ''spenneriana'' Gaudin".
  21. ''Nuphar aculeata'' Kuprian. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=5E2B4E1B-D364-4666-AE21-0E6C756D3914
  22. ''Nuphar adveniformis'' P.I. Dorof. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=B69485B8-E533-4951-830B-1EB18D46AA3F
  23. ''Nuphar akashiensis'' Miki (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=6D456C3B-57F1-42A1-9942-82806F675AC2
  24. ''Nuphar bohlinii'' R.W. Chaney (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=BCC19C7C-26F5-4A26-8864-9AF16C74AFFF
  25. ''Nuphar burejensis'' Krassilov (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=4D0263DE-018E-4D88-8E71-B820485990DD
  26. ''Nuphar canaliculata'' C. Reid, E. Reid (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=05E0491C-B308-4DB6-BCC8-3618EDEBE98D
  27. ''Nuphar diatoma'' (MacGinitie) Doweld (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=497C5B4F-2748-F46A-B92C-AEA9D4086609
  28. ''Nuphar dubia'' (Watelet) Bureau (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=0142749C-6BA3-8DB9-C59A-F0C6F3368D7F
  29. ''Nuphar ebae'' Huzioka (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=88920905-0B97-D86A-C550-46E6134E5198
  30. ''Nuphar hungarica'' Andr., E. Novák (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=A75B0025-EDC8-7686-2411-616F4759EFE8
  31. ''Nuphar macrosperma'' P.I. Dorof. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=5599D729-713E-4969-B37B-CBCD33E10FEA
  32. ''Nuphar mozyrensis'' P.I. Dorof. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=7525F5AF-3D45-4032-9397-D83AEF8D1C10
  33. ''Nuphar ovata'' M. Chandler (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=240C2D4D-B06F-48C5-B703-FBF969083DEC
  34. ''Nuphar palfalvyana'' Doweld (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=DF39C62F-2C55-3968-1531-BCAAA5C7E805
  35. ''Nuphar parva'' Lubomirova (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=EB24149A-8104-4372-928E-F95231885F8E
  36. ''Nuphar pliocenica'' P.I. Dorof. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=9F67EBC6-48F2-4A90-B03B-5EE860242826
  37. ''Nuphar sibirica'' P.I. Dorof. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=B942BFFE-E35C-4551-90EB-58016406B561
  38. ''Nuphar tanaitica'' P.I. Dorof. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=1726932A-DD54-4822-936D-77279A3AF35E
  39. ''Nuphar tastachensis'' P.I. Dorof. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=52FCFCBC-DC4F-4FE9-A27C-7A13ACA849D6
  40. ''Nuphar tavdensis'' P.I. Dorof. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=3FAC90AB-5751-461E-828B-47EFC705BD04
  41. ''Nuphar tomskiana'' P.I. Dorof. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=9A2ACDA3-1D63-47B1-859C-18CC7ABDC8A1
  42. ''Nuphar tymensis'' P.I. Dorof. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=674D9647-B47C-49E3-ACBE-C2C4931B06D3
  43. ''Nuphar wutuensis'' L. Chen, Manchester, Z.-D. Chen (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 29, 2024, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=1EE87368-D57A-4BE2-84AE-B026F8CE0213
  44. (2017-08-01). "''Notonuphar antarctica'', an extinct water lily (Nymphaeales) from the Eocene of Antarctica". Plant Systematics and Evolution.
  45. [http://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/nenuphar Etymology of Nuphar, same as French Nenuphar] (in French).
  46. Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). ''Flora of Britain and Northern Europe''. {{ISBN. 0-340-40170-2
  47. (1940). "Respiration of the rhizomes of ''Nuphar advenum'' and other water plants". American Journal of Botany.
  48. (1981). "Pressurized ventilation in the yellow water lily". Ecology.
  49. Keddy, P.A. (2010). ''Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation'' (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. {{ISBN. 9780521739672
  50. (1966). "Structures and allelopathic effects of ''Nuphar'' alkaloids: Nupharolutine and 6,6'-dihydroxythiobinupharidine". Journal of Chemical Ecology.
  51. (2006). "The San Marcos: A River's Story". Texas A&M University Press.
  52. "Spatterdock – A Plant With Many Uses". Washington State Department of Ecology.
  53. Green Deane. (27 September 2011). "Yellow Pond Lilly: Raising A Wokas".
  54. Lippok, B., & Renner, S. S. (1997). Pollination of ''Nuphar'' (Nymphaeaceae) in Europe: flies and bees rather than ''Donacia'' beetles. Plant systematics and evolution, 207, 273-283.
  55. Lippok, B., Gardine, A. A., Williamson, P. S., & Renner, S. S. (2000). [https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.2307/2656897 Pollination by flies, bees, and beetles of ''Nuphar ozarkana'' and ''N. advena'' (Nymphaeaceae).] American Journal of Botany, 87(6), 898-902.
  56. Ervik, F., Renner, S. S., & Johanson, K. A. (1995). Breeding system and pollination of ''Nuphar luteum'' (L.) Smith (Nymphaeaceae) in Norway. Flora, 190(2), 109-113.
  57. (1972). "The Structure of Nupharolutine, an Alkaloid of ''Nuphar luteum''". Can. J. Chem..
  58. Polya, Gideon Maxwell. Biochemical targets of plant bioactive compounds: a pharmacological reference guide to sites of action and biological effects, Taylor & Francis, 2003, {{ISBN. 0-415-30829-1
  59. (2015). "Total Syntheses and Biological Evaluation of Both Enantiomers of Several Hydroxylated Dimeric Nuphar Alkaloids". Angewandte Chemie International Edition.

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