NaturalMotion
British video game developer
title: "NaturalMotion" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["british-companies-established-in-2001", "video-game-companies-established-in-2001", "video-game-development-companies", "video-game-companies-of-the-united-kingdom", "companies-associated-with-the-university-of-oxford", "companies-based-in-london", "2001-establishments-in-england", "zynga", "2014-mergers-and-acquisitions", "british-subsidiaries-of-foreign-companies"] description: "British video game developer" topic_path: "geography/united-kingdom" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NaturalMotion" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0
::summary British video game developer ::
::data[format=table title="Infobox company"]
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| name | NaturalMotion Ltd. |
| logo | NaturalMotion.svg |
| type | Subsidiary |
| foundation | in Oxford, United Kingdom |
| location | London |
| industry | Video games |
| parent | Zynga |
| subsid | BossAlien |
| homepage | |
| :: |
| name = NaturalMotion Ltd. | logo = NaturalMotion.svg | type = Subsidiary | company_slogan = | foundation = in Oxford, United Kingdom | location = London | industry = Video games | parent = Zynga | subsid = BossAlien | homepage =
NaturalMotion Limited is a British video game development company with development offices in London, Brighton and Birmingham. Founded in November 2001 as a spin-out company from Oxford University, NaturalMotion specialises in creating animation technology for the game and film industries. In January 2014, NaturalMotion was acquired by Zynga for US$527 million.
Their main technology products are Endorphin (for the film industry) and Euphoria (for the gaming industry), in addition to video games such as Backbreaker and CSR Racing.
Technology
NaturalMotion commercialized their procedural animation technology, which they call Dynamic Motion Synthesis (DMS). DMS is based on a real-time simulation of biomechanics and the motor control nervous system. As such, it has roots in biology and robot control theory. NaturalMotion states that DMS allows for fully interactive 3D characters, as it is not based on canned animation. DMS is used in two of the company's products: Endorphin, a 'tool for creating virtual stuntmen' and Euphoria, a runtime engine. The first commercially released title to use Euphoria was Grand Theft Auto IV by Rockstar Games.
NaturalMotion's other middleware product is Morpheme - an animation engine for Wii U, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, PC, PlayStation Vita, Android, and iOS. Unlike the company's other packages, Morpheme does not use DMS and instead provides tools for blending animations, inverse kinematics and rigid-body simulation. Some of the games that use Morpheme include BioShock Infinite, Enslaved: Odyssey to the West, Eve Online, Horizon Zero Dawn, and Pure.
Customers
NaturalMotion's technology is in use at many film and games companies, including Sony, The Mill, Electronic Arts, Moving Picture Company, Konami, Capcom, Sega and many more. Movies and games featuring Endorphin animation include Troy, Poseidon, The Getaway, Tekken 5 and Metal Gear Solid.
In 2006, LucasArts announced that it would use the Euphoria animation engine in Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings and Star Wars: The Force Unleashed games. In 2007, Rockstar Games announced it had licensed this engine for many of their new and upcoming games, with the first announced title being Grand Theft Auto IV. Subsequent Rockstar Games titles that use the engine include Red Dead Redemption, Max Payne 3, Grand Theft Auto V and Red Dead Redemption 2.
NaturalMotion Games
In 2009, NaturalMotion released its first game, the iPhone title Backbreaker Football, which used Morpheme to simulate movement and tackles. The game was a critical and commercial success, with a Quality Index score of 8.1/10 and 5 million downloads.
The company created a new division, NaturalMotion Games, on 18 November 2010. In 2011, NaturalMotion Games released its first Free-To-Play title My Horse on iPhone and iPad. It has been downloaded over 11 million times. Its second F2P game, CSR Racing, reached number one in Top Grossing and Top Free App Store charts across the world. The game made over $12 million in its first month. In August 2012, NaturalMotion announced that it had acquired the studio, BossAlien, for an undisclosed sum.
NaturalMotion's CEO Torsten Reil announced a new 'interactive toy' called Clumsy Ninja on stage during the Apple iPhone 5 announcement. It is the first mobile title to use the Euphoria animation engine. The game was originally announced for 'holiday season' 2012, however it was delayed by almost a year. It eventually appeared worldwide on the App Store on 21 November 2013. On release, Clumsy Ninja became the first Application to be promoted with a video trailer embedded in the Application Store.
In October 2017, Zynga closed NaturalMotion's Oxford office.
Games developed
::data[format=table]
| Game | Release | Format |
|---|---|---|
| Backbreaker | 2010 | iOS, Android, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 |
| Backbreaker 2: Vengeance | 2010 | iOS, Android |
| Jenga | 2011 | iOS, Android, OS X |
| NFL Rivals | 2011 | iOS |
| Icebreaker Hockey | 2011 | iOS, Android |
| Backbreaker: Vengeance | 2011 | XBLA, PSN |
| My Horse | 2011 | iOS, Android |
| CSR Racing | 2012 | iOS, OS X, Android, Windows |
| CSR Classics | 2013 | iOS, Android |
| Clumsy Ninja | 2013 | iOS, Android |
| CSR Racing 2 | 2016 | iOS, Android |
| Dawn of Titans | 2016 | iOS, Android |
| Star Wars: Hunters | 2024 | iOS, Android, Nintendo Switch |
| :: |
References
References
- Clover, Juli. (30 January 2014). "Zynga Acquires Company Behind 'Clumsy Ninja' App". MacRumors.
- [http://www.naturalmotion.com/technology.htm inside] {{webarchive. link. (15 November 2006)
- "endorphin 2.7".
- (28 June 2007). "Grand Theft Auto IV Trailer 2 Launched!". GTA4.net.
- Boyer, Brandon. (29 June 2007). "Product: Grand Theft Auto IV Using NaturalMotion's Euphoria". [[Gamasutra]].
- "Middleware". NaturalMotion.
- Phil Meza. "– Irrational discusses BioShock Infinite's overhauled engine". Wouldyoukindly.com.
- "Animation Bootcamp: Bringing Life to the Machines of Horizon Zero Dawn". GDC.
- "Star Wars: The Force Unleashed | StarWars.com". Lucasarts.com.
- (29 June 2007). "Product: Grand Theft Auto IV Using NaturalMotion's Euphoria". Gamasutra.
- Hodapp, Eli. (22 September 2009). "'Backbreaker Football: Tackle Alley' Preview with Gameplay Video". TouchArcade.
- "Backbreaker Football (iPhone) reviews at iPhone Quality Index". Iphone.qualityindex.com.
- Freeman, Will. (13 April 2011). "Backbreaker iOS downloaded 5m times | Latest news from the game development industry | Develop". Develop-online.net.
- "NaturalMotion Games Announces Formation".
- "Opinion: CSR Racing's success demonstrates sophisticated monetisation but where' | Pocket Gamer.biz | PGbiz". Pocket Gamer.biz.
- "How To Survive Saw | GamesRadar". Edge-online.com.
- Chapple, Craig. (15 August 2012). "NaturalMotion acquires CSR Racing dev Boss Alien | Latest news from the game development industry | Develop". Develop-online.net.
- "NaturalMotion acquires Boss Alien". GamesIndustry.biz.
- Chapple, Craig. (13 September 2012). "NaturalMotion's Reil showcases hilarious Clumsy Ninja for Apple | Latest news from the game development industry | Develop". Develop-online.net.
- "Clumsy Ninja Debut".
- Eli Hodapp. (21 November 2013). "NaturalMotion's 'Clumsy Ninja' Virtual Pet Stumbles on to The App Store". TouchArcade.
- Federico Viticci. "Video Trailers Debut On The App Store With 'Clumsy Ninja'".
- Craig Chapple. "Zynga to Close NaturalMotion's Oxford Office".
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