Nadar

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French photographer and balloonist (1820–1910)

title: "Nadar" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["pioneers-of-photography", "1820-births", "1910-deaths", "aerial-photographers", "french-balloonists", "french-caricaturists", "french-magazine-cartoonists", "french-portrait-photographers", "artists-from-paris", "burials-at-père-lachaise-cemetery", "lycée-condorcet-alumni", "19th-century-french-photographers", "20th-century-french-photographers", "pseudonymous-photographers"] description: "French photographer and balloonist (1820–1910)" topic_path: "arts" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadar" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary French photographer and balloonist (1820–1910) ::

::data[format=table title="Infobox person"]

FieldValue
nameNadar
imageSelf-portrait of Nadar.jpg
captionSelf-portrait,
birth_nameGaspard-Félix Tournachon
birth_date
birth_placeParis, France
death_date
death_placeParis, France
resting_placePère Lachaise Cemetery
resting_place_coordinates
occupation
known_forPioneer in photography
spouse
partner
childrenPaul Nadar
fatherVictor Tournachon
signatureSigNadar.svg
::

| name = Nadar | image = Self-portrait of Nadar.jpg | caption = Self-portrait, | birth_name = Gaspard-Félix Tournachon | birth_date = | birth_place = Paris, France | death_date = | death_place = Paris, France | resting_place = Père Lachaise Cemetery | resting_place_coordinates = | occupation = | known_for = Pioneer in photography | spouse = | partner = | children = Paul Nadar | father = Victor Tournachon | signature = SigNadar.svg

Gaspard-Félix Tournachon (; 5 April 1820 – 20 March 1910), known by the pseudonym Nadar () or 'Félix Nadar,''''' was a French photographer, caricaturist, journalist, novelist and balloonist who was a proponent of heavier-than-air flight. In 1858, he became the first person to take aerial photographs. Photographic portraits by Nadar are held by many of the great national collections of photographs. His son, Paul Nadar, continued the studio after his death.

Life

Gaspard-Félix Tournachon (also known as Nadar) was born in early April 1820 in Paris, though some sources state he was born in Lyon. His father, Victor Tournachon, was a printer and bookseller. Nadar began to study medicine but quit for economic reasons after his father's death.

Nadar started working as a caricaturist and novelist for various newspapers. He fell in with the Parisian bohemian group of Gérard de Nerval, Charles Baudelaire, and Théodore de Banville. His friends picked a nickname for him, perhaps by a playful habit of adding "dar" to the end of words, Tournadar, which later became Nadar. His work was published in Le Charivari for the first time in 1848. In 1849, he founded La Revue Comique à l'Usage des Gens Sérieux. He also edited Le Petit Journal pour Rire.

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Atelier_Nadar_35BoulevardDesCapucines_1860_Nadar.jpg" caption="Nadar's studio at 35 Boulevard des Capucines in 1860." alt="Nadar's studio at 35 Boulevard des Capucines in 1860."] ::

From work as a caricaturist, he moved on to photography. He took his first photographs in 1853, and in 1854 opened a photographic studio at 113 rue St. Lazare. In 1860 he moved to 35 Boulevard des Capucines. Nadar photographed a wide range of personalities: politicians (Guizot, Proudhon), stage actors (Sarah Bernhardt, Paulus), writers (Hugo, Baudelaire, Sand, Nerval, Gautier, Dumas), painters (Corot, Delacroix, Millet), and musicians (Liszt, Rossini, Offenbach, Verdi, Berlioz). Portrait photography was going through a period of native industrialization, and Nadar refused to use the traditional sumptuous decors; he preferred natural daylight and despised what he considered to be unnecessary accessories. In 1886, with his son Paul, he did what may be the first photo-report: an interview with the great scientist Michel Eugène Chevreul, who at the time was 100 years old. It was published in Le Journal Illustré.

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Balloon_flown_by_3197xn272_0_6d56zx84t.tiff" caption="Balloon ''Le Geant'' flown by Gaspard-Félix Tournachon (Nadar), 1863"] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Felix_Nadar_in_the_basket_of_a_balloon,_self-portrait,_btv1b532323066.jpg" caption="1863}}"] ::

In 1858, he became the first person to take aerial photographs. This was done using the wet plate collodion process, and since the plates had to be prepared and developed (a process that required a chemically neutral setting) while the basket was aloft, Nadar experienced imaging problems as gas escaped from his balloons. After Nadar invented a gas-proof cotton cover and draped it over his balloon baskets, he was able to capture stable images. He also pioneered the use of artificial lighting in photography, working in the catacombs of Paris. He was thus the first person to photograph from the air with his balloons, as well as the first to photograph underground, in the Catacombs of Paris. In 1867, he published the first magazine to focus on air travel: L'Aéronaute.

File:Honoré Daumier, Nadar élevant la Photographie à la hauteur de l'Art, 1862, NGA 42966.jpg|Nadar élevant la Photographie à la hauteur de l'Art ("Nadar elevating Photography to Art"). Lithograph by Honoré Daumier. File:Henry de Montaut, Petit, Catastrophe du ballons Le Géant. - La nacelle rasant le sol à Nieubourg (Hanovre). - D`après les renseignements fournis par M. Nadar. Gravure 1863.jpg|1863: Disaster with Le Géant at Neustadt am Rübenberge at Hanover. Illustration in a newspaper

In 1863, Nadar commissioned the prominent balloonist Eugène Godard to construct an enormous balloon, 196 ft high and with a capacity of 6000 m3, and named Le Géant (The Giant). On his visit to Brussels with Le Géant, on 26 September 1864, Nadar erected mobile barriers to keep the crowd at a safe distance. Crowd control barriers are still known in Belgium as Nadar barriers. Le Géant was badly damaged at the end of its second flight, but Nadar rebuilt the gondola and the envelope, and continued his flights. In 1867, he was able to take as many as a dozen passengers aloft at once, serving cold chicken and wine.{{cite book | last = Hallion | first = Richard P | author-link=Richard P. Hallion | year = 2003 | title = Taking Flight: Inventing the Aerial Age, from Antiquity through the First World War | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 0-19-516035-5 | url=https://archive.org/details/takingflightinve0000hall | url-access = registration |page=71-73

For publicity, he recreated balloon flights in his studio with his wife, Ernestine, using a rigged-up balloon gondola. He stayed a passionate aeronaut until he and Ernestine were injured in an accident in Le Géant.

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Nadar_autoportrait_tournant.gif" caption="1865}}: ''"Revolving" self-portrait'' by Nadar"] ::

Le Géant (The Giant) inspired Jules Verne's Five Weeks in a Balloon. Nadar was the inspiration for the character of Michael Ardan in Verne's From the Earth to the Moon. In 1862, Verne and Nadar established a Société pour la recherche de la navigation aérienne, which later became La Société d'encouragement de la locomotion aérienne au moyen du plus lourd que l'air (The Society for the Encouragement of Aerial Locomotion by Means of Heavier than Air Machines). Nadar served as president and Verne as secretary.

During the Siege of Paris in 1870–71, Nadar was instrumental in organising balloon flights carrying mail to reconnect the besieged Parisians with the rest of the world, thus establishing the world's first airmail service.

In April 1874, he lent his photo studio to a group of painters to present the first exhibition of the Impressionists. He photographed Victor Hugo on his death-bed in 1885. He is credited with having published (in 1886) the first photo-interview (of famous chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul, then a centenarian). His photographs of women are notable for their natural poses and individual character. Nadar was recognized for breaking the conventions of photographic portrait, choosing to capture the subjects as active participants.

As of 1 April 1895, Nadar turned over the Paris Nadar Studio to his son Paul. He moved to Marseille, where he established another photography studio in 1897. On 3 January 1909 he returned to Paris.

Nadar died on 20 March 1910, aged 89. He was buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. The studio continued under the direction of his son and long-term collaborator, Paul Nadar (1856–1939).

Works

Towards the end of his life, Nadar published Quand j'étais photographe, which was translated into English and published by MIT Press in 2015. The book is full of both anecdotes and samples of his photography, including many portraits of recognizable names.

The painter Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres sent some of his clients to Nadar to have their photographs taken as studies for his paintings.

Gallery

File:JapaneseMissionAndNadarSon.JPG|Nadar's son (center) with Yatsu Kanshiro (left) and an unnamed samurai (right), photographed by Nadar. They were members of the Second Japanese Embassy to Europe in 1863. File:Dessin de Nadar 1850.jpg|Caricature of Balzac, 1850 File:Charles Baudelaire.jpg|Charles Baudelaire, 1855 File:Sarah Bernhardt, par Nadar, 1864, sepia.jpg|Sarah Bernhardt, File:Georges Ernest Boulanger by Atelier Nadar.jpg|Georges Ernest Boulanger File:BRÉSIL, Marguerite Neurdein. Photo Nadar.jpg|Marguerite Brésil File:Maréchal Canrobert by Nadar.jpg|François Certain de Canrobert File:Georges Clemenceau Nadar.jpg|Georges Clemenceau File:Atelier Nadar - Pierre Kropotkine.jpg|Peter Kropotkin File:Photograph of Gustave Doré by Nadar, between 1856 and 1858.jpg|Gustave Doré, between 1856 and 1858 File:Charles Gounod (1890) by Nadar.jpg|Charles Gounod in 1890 File:Elisabeth de Gramont - Nadar - 1889.jpg|Élisabeth de Gramont, 1889 File:Franz Liszt by Nadar, March 1886.png|Franz Liszt File:Jean-François Millet by Nadar, Metropolitan Museum copy.jpg|Jean-François Millet File:Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, close up, with slight smile by Nadar.jpg|Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar, king of Persia 1848–1896 File:Édouard de Reszke by Nadar (BPL Hale Coll).jpg|Édouard de Reszke File:Séverine, debout, un poing sur la hanche - Nadar.jpg|Séverine, File:Simon Sina by Nadar.png|Simon Sinas File:Pedro II of Brazil by Nadar.jpg|Pedro II of Brazil File:Maria l'Antillaise, tenant un éventail - Nadar.jpg|Maria l'Antillaise (1860s), tentatively identified as Maria Martínez

References

References

  1. (1 April 1910). "La Mort de Nadar". [[l'Aérophile]].
  2. "These Incredible Images Show How Aerial Photography Has Developed".
  3. Jenner, Greg. (19 March 2020). "Dead Famous: An Unexpected History of Celebrity from Bronze Age to Silver Screen". Orion.
  4. "Félix Nadar Gaspard-Félix Tournachon (6 April 1820 – 23 March 1910, France)".
  5. "Archives de France {{!}}".
  6. ""Le Journal Illustré" Publishes the First Photo-Interview 9/5/1886". History of Information.
  7. Holmes, Richard. (2013). "Falling upwards : how we took to the air". HarperPress.
  8. "[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/286163 Nadar with His Wife, Ernestine, in a Balloon]", The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  9. "[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nadar Nadar]", Encyclopedia Britannica.
  10. (24 May 2018). "Luftmensch in Paris". [[The New York Review of Books]].
  11. (18 January 2016). "Abandoned in place : preserving America's space history". University of New Mexico Press.
  12. (23 September 2019). "How the First Impressionist Exhibition Came to Be". Thought Co..
  13. "Victor Hugo on his Death Bed".
  14. (1995). "Nadar". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  15. Smith, Ian Haydn. (2018). "The short story of photography : a pocket guide to key genres, works, themes & techniques". Laurence King Publishing.
  16. (6 November 2015). "When I Was a Photographer". MIT Press.
  17. "Question of Trieste".
  18. Adam Begley, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/dec/23/books-felix-nadar-france-photography-flight "The absurd life of Félix Nadar, French portraitist and human flight advocate"], ''The Guardian'', 23 December 2015.
  19. (11 July 2017). "The Great Nadar: The Man Behind the Camera". Tim Duggan Books.
  20. (1991). "Gardner's Art Through the Ages". Thomson/Wadsworth.
  21. "Le Modèle noir de Géricault à Matisse".

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pioneers-of-photography1820-births1910-deathsaerial-photographersfrench-balloonistsfrench-caricaturistsfrench-magazine-cartoonistsfrench-portrait-photographersartists-from-parisburials-at-père-lachaise-cemeterylycée-condorcet-alumni19th-century-french-photographers20th-century-french-photographerspseudonymous-photographers