Muscari
Genus of plants in the asparagus family
title: "Muscari" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["muscari", "asparagaceae-genera", "flora-of-europe", "flora-of-temperate-asia", "garden-plants-of-asia", "garden-plants-of-europe", "taxa-named-by-philip-miller"] description: "Genus of plants in the asparagus family" topic_path: "general/muscari" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscari" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0
::summary Genus of plants in the asparagus family ::
| image = Muscari_Neglectum.jpg | image_caption = M. neglectum | taxon = Muscari | authority = Mill. | type_species = Muscari botryoides | type_species_authority = (L.) Mill. | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See text | synonyms = {{Collapsible list|
- Botryanthus Kunth
- Botrycomus Fourr.
- Botryphile Salisb.
- Comus Salisb.
- Czekelia Schur
- Etheiranthus Kostel.
- Eubotrys Raf. in Fl. Tellur. 3: 5 (1837), nom. superfl.
- Eubotrys Raf. in Autik. Bot.: 124, 139 (1840), nom. superfl.
- Leopoldia Parl.
- Moscharea Salisb.
- Pelotris Raf.
- Pseudomuscari Garbari & Greuter | synonyms_ref =
Muscari is a genus of perennial bulbous plants native to Eurasia that produce spikes of dense, most commonly blue, urn-shaped flowers resembling bunches of grapes in the spring. The common name for the genus is grape hyacinth, but they should not be confused with hyacinths. A number of species of Muscari are used as ornamental garden plants.
Description
Brian Mathew says that many species of grape hyacinths are difficult to distinguish. They usually have one or more narrow leaves which arise from a bulb. The flowers appear in the spring and form a spike or raceme, being held in a close or loose spiral around a central stalk. The flowers often become less tightly spaced as the flower matures. The flower colour varies from pale blue to a very dark blue, almost black in some cases (albino forms are also known). In some species, the upper flowers may be of a colour or shape different from the lower flowers. Individual flowers are composed of six fused tepals forming a spherical to obovoid shape, constricted at the end to form a mouth around which the ends of the tepals show as small lobes or "teeth", which may be of a color different from the rest of the tepal.
Taxonomy
::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Muscaris-J.Eudes-06.JPG" caption="name-list-style=amp }}, p. 330 Miller did not designate a type species, although the etymology of the genus name points to the species Linnaeus called ''Hyacinthus muscari'' (a.k.a. ''Muscari racemosum''). Britton & Brown (1913), Garbari & Greuter (1970), Speta (1982), and Böhnert ''et al.'' (2023) accept ''Muscari botryoides'' as the type species.Böhnert, T., Neumann, M., Quandt, D. and Weigend, M. (2023), Phylogeny based generic reclassification of ''Muscari'' sensu lato (Asparagaceae) using plastid and genomic DNA. ''Taxon'', 72: 261-277. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12864"] ::
Classified in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae, the genus was formerly placed in the Liliaceae as a member of the tribe Hyacintheae. The genus was at one time divided into four groups or subgenera: Botryanthus, Pseudomuscari, Leopoldia, and Muscarimia.
Subgenera
In 2023, Böhnert et al. published the results of a phylogenetic analysis of Muscari and its segregate genera. They found Muscari a "very natural group", with five distinct clades, which they recognize as subgenera:
- M. subg. Leopoldia (Parl.) Peterm., syn. Leopoldia Parl.
- M. subg. Muscari
- M. subg. Muscarimia (Kostel. ex. Losinsk.) Böhnert, syn. Muscarimia Kostel. ex. Losinsk.
- M. subg. Pseudomuscari (Losinsk.) D.C.Stuart, syn. Pseudomuscari Losinsk.
- M. subg. Pulchella Böhnert – a new grouping The following cladogram shows how the subgenera are related: |label1=Muscari |1={{clade |1=M. subg. Muscarimia |2={{clade |1=M. subg. Pseudomuscari |2={{clade |1=M. subg. Muscari |2={{clade |1=M. subg. Pulchella |2=M. subg. Leopoldia
Species
, Plants of the World Online accepted 85 species, including species that have been placed in Leopoldia and Pseudomuscari, genera which are treated as synonyms, but excluding Muscarimia. Subgenus placements in the table are from Böhnert et al. (2023). ::data[format=table]
| Species | Subgenus |
|---|---|
| Muscari adilii M.B.Güner & H.Duman | Muscari |
| Muscari albiflorum (Täckh. & Boulos) Hosni | Leopoldia |
| Muscari alpanicum Schchian | unplaced |
| Muscari anatolicum Cowley & Özhatay | Muscari |
| Muscari armeniacum H.J.Veitch | Muscari |
| Muscari artvinense Demirci & E.Kaya | Muscari |
| Muscari atillae Yıldırım | Muscari |
| Muscari atlanticum Boiss. & Reut. | Muscari |
| Muscari aucheri (Boiss.) Baker | Muscari |
| Muscari azureum Fenzl | Pseudomuscari |
| Muscari babachii Eker & Koyuncu | Leopoldia |
| Muscari baeticum Blanca, Ruíz Rejón & Suár.-Sant. | Muscari |
| Muscari bicolor Boiss. | Leopoldia |
| Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. | Muscari |
| Muscari bourgaei Baker | Pulchella |
| Muscari caucasicum (Griseb.) Baker | Leopoldia |
| Muscari cazorlanum C.Soriano, Rivas Ponce, R.Lozano & Ruíz Rejón | Muscari |
| Muscari coeleste Fomin | Pseudomuscari |
| Muscari coeruleum Losinsk. | Muscari |
| Muscari commutatum Guss. | Muscari |
| Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. | Leopoldia |
| Muscari cycladicum P.H.Davis & D.C.Stuart | Leopoldia |
| Muscari discolor Boiss. & Hausskn. | Muscari |
| Muscari dolichanthum Woronow & Tron | unplaced |
| Muscari eburneum (Eig & Feinbrun) D.C.Stuart | Leopoldia |
| Muscari elmasii Yıldırım | Leopoldia |
| Muscari erdalii Özhatay & Demirci | Leopoldia |
| Muscari erzincanicum Eker | Leopoldia |
| Muscari fatmacereniae Eker | Muscari |
| Muscari fertile Ravenna | Muscari |
| Muscari filiforme Ravenna | Muscari |
| Muscari forniculatum Fomin | Pseudomuscari |
| Muscari ghouschtchiense (Jafari & Maassoumi) Böhnert | Leopoldia |
| Muscari grandifolium Baker | unplaced |
| Muscari gussonei (Parl.) Nyman | Leopoldia |
| Muscari haradjianii Briq. ex Rech.f. | Leopoldia |
| Muscari heldreichii Boiss. | Muscari |
| Muscari hermonense Ravenna | Muscari |
| Muscari hierosolymitanum Ravenna | Pulchella |
| Muscari inconstrictum Rech.f. | Pseudomuscari |
| Muscari inundatum Yıldırım & Eker | Muscari |
| Muscari kerkis Karlén | Pulchella |
| Muscari kurdicum Maroofi | Pseudomuscari |
| Muscari latifolium J.Kirk | Pulchella |
| Muscari lazulinum Ravenna | Muscari |
| Muscari longipes Boiss. | Leopoldia |
| Muscari longistylum (Täckh. & Boulos) Hosni | Leopoldia |
| Muscari macbeathianum Kit Tan | Muscari |
| Muscari maritimum Desf. | Leopoldia |
| Muscari massayanum C.Grunert | Leopoldia |
| Muscari matritense Ruíz Rejón, Pascual, C.Ruíz Rejón, Valdés & J.L.Oliv. | Leopoldia |
| Muscari microstomum P.H.Davis & D.C.Stuart | Pulchella |
| Muscari mirum Speta | Leopoldia |
| Muscari muglaense Eker, H.Duman & Yıldırım | Leopoldia |
| Muscari nazimiyense Yıld. & Kılıç | unplaced |
| Muscari neglectum Guss. ex Ten. & Sangiov. | Muscari |
| Muscari neumannii (Böhnert & Lobin) Böhnert | Leopoldia |
| Muscari olivetorum Blanca, Ruíz Rejón & Suár.-Sant. | Muscari |
| Muscari pallens (M.Bieb.) Fisch. | Muscari |
| Muscari pamiryigidii Eker | Muscari |
| Muscari parviflorum Desf. | Pseudomuscari |
| Muscari pseudomuscari (Boiss. & Buhse) Wendelbo | Pseudomuscari |
| Muscari pseudopallens Eker, Yıldırım & Armağan | unplaced |
| Muscari pulchellum Heldr. & Sartori ex Boiss. | Pulchella |
| Muscari sabihapinariae Eroglu, Pinar & Fidan | Muscari |
| Muscari salah-eidii (Täckh. & Boulos) Hosni | Leopoldia |
| Muscari sandrasicum Karlén | Muscari |
| Muscari savranii Uysal & Dogu | Leopoldia |
| Muscari serpentinicum Yıldırım, Altioglu & Pirhan | Muscari |
| Muscari sintenisii Freyn | unplaced |
| Muscari sivrihisardaghlarense Yıld. & B.Selvi | Muscari |
| Muscari spreitzenhoferi (Heldr.) Vierh. | Leopoldia |
| Muscari stenanthum Freyn | Muscari |
| Muscari tabrizianum (Jafari) Böhnert | Leopoldia |
| Muscari tauricum Demirci, Özhatay & E.Kaya | Muscari |
| Muscari tavoricum Ravenna | Pseudomuscari |
| Muscari tenuiflorum Tausch | Leopoldia |
| Muscari tijtijense (Jafari) Böhnert | Leopoldia |
| Muscari turcicum Uysal, Ertugrul & Dural | Pulchella |
| Muscari tuzgoluense Yıld. | Muscari |
| Muscari vanense Uysal | unplaced |
| Muscari vuralii Bagci & Dogu | Muscari |
| Muscari wallii Rech.f. | Leopoldia |
| Muscari weissii Freyn | Leopoldia |
| Muscari zagricum Eker, Alipour & Majidi | unplaced |
| :: |
Böhnert et al. placed two species in Muscari subg. Muscarimia that Plants of the World Online placed in the genus Muscarimia:
- Muscari macrocarpum Sweet = Muscarimia macrocarpa
- Muscari racemosum (L.) Mill. = Muscarimia muscari
The names of some of the species are somewhat confused, especially in the horticultural literature. Thus the name M. racemosum is commonly found as an incorrect synonym for M. neglectum, with M. muscarimi or M. moschatum being used for the true M. racemosum. Muscari fatmacereniae was recently described from Turkey.
Formerly placed here
- Bellevalia paradoxa (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Boiss. (as Muscari paradoxum (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) K.Koch)
Distribution
The genus Muscari originated in the Old World, and is native to the Mediterranean basin, central and Southern Europe, Northern Africa, Western, Central and Southwest Asia. It has become naturalized elsewhere, including Northern Europe and the United States.
Cultivation
Some species are among the earliest garden flowers to bloom in the spring. They are planted as bulbs and tend to multiply quickly (naturalise) when planted in good soils. They prefer well drained sandy soil, that is acid to neutral and not too rich. Naturally found in woodlands or meadows, they are commonly cultivated in lawns, borders, rock gardens and containers. They require little feeding or watering in the summer, and sun or light shade.
The UK National Collection of Muscari is held by Richard Hobbs at his Witton Lane garden in Little Plumstead, Norfolk.
Cultivars
- M. 'Pink Sunrise' was described as "new" in 2011; it has pale pink flowers – a previously unknown colour in the genus – on 10 – stems. [This used to be elsewhere in the article, but needs sourcing: The former] Muscarimia group has two species. They have relatively large bulbs with thick fleshy perennial roots, and their natural habitat is Turkey and the east Aegean. The stems are stout and carry racemes with large elongated flowers with six projections below the mouth. The flowers are fragrant, yellow or white, tinted with green or blue, and small brown lobes. There may be a few sterile flowers which are minute and violet. They are best grown in a bulb frame or alpine house in a deep pot, since they have strong deep roots.
Species include M. macrocarpum, M. massayanum (sometimes included in Leopoldia) and M. muscarimi.
References
References
- "''Muscari'' Mill.". [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]].
- Mathew, Brian. (1987). "The Smaller Bulbs". B.T. Batsford.
- (1970). "On the Taxonomy and Typification of Muscari Miller (Liliaceae) and Allied Genera, and on the Typification of Generic Names". Taxon.
- WCSP. (2011). "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families". The Board of Trustees of the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]].
- (1995). "Plants and their names : a concise dictionary". Oxford University Press.
- Stevens, P.F.. "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales: Scilloideae".
- "''Muscarimia'' Kostel. ex Losinsk.". [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]].
- See, e.g., {{Harvnb. Mathew. 1987
- Eker, İsmai̇l. (2019-03-14). "''Muscari fatmacereniae'' (Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), a new species from southern Anatolia". Phytotaxa.
- "''Bellevalia paradoxa'' (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Boiss.". World Checklist.
- (31 July 2019). "The National Collection of Muscari at Witton Lane". Norfolk Plant Heritage.
- Anon.. (October 2011). "Plant forum: new and interesting plants". The Garden.
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