MUD1

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1978 video game

title: "MUD1" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["mud-games", "mainframe-games", "1978-video-games", "science-and-technology-in-essex", "university-of-essex", "video-games-developed-in-the-united-kingdom", "video-games-with-available-source-code"] description: "1978 video game" topic_path: "society/education" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUD1" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary 1978 video game ::

::data[format=table title="Infobox video game"]

FieldValue
titleMUD1
imageMUD Logo.png
developer{{plainlist
platformsPlatform independent
released1978
genreFantasy MUD
modesMultiplayer
::

| title = MUD1 | image = MUD Logo.png | developer = {{plainlist|

Multi-User Dungeon, or MUD (referred to as MUD1, to distinguish it from its successor, MUD2, and the MUD genre in general), is the first MUD.

History

MUD was created in 1978 by Roy Trubshaw and Richard Bartle at the University of Essex on a DEC PDP-10. Trubshaw named the game Multi-User Dungeon, in tribute to the Dungeon variant of Zork, which Trubshaw had greatly enjoyed playing. Zork in turn was inspired by an older text-adventure game known as Colossal Cave Adventure or ADVENT.

MUD1 was written in the domain-specific programming language Multi User Dungeon Definition Language (MUDDL). Its first version was written by Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw in BCPL. It was later ported to C++ and used in other MUDs such as MIST.

In 1980, Roy Trubshaw created MUD version 3 in BCPL (the predecessor of C), to conserve memory and make the program easier to maintain. Richard Bartle, a fellow Essex student, contributed much work on the game database, introducing many of the locations and puzzles that survive to this day. Later that year Roy Trubshaw graduated from Essex University, handing over MUD to Richard Bartle, who continued developing the game. That same year, MUD1 became the first Internet multiplayer online role-playing game as Essex University connected its internal network to the ARPANET.

In 1983, Essex University allowed remote access to its DEC-10 via British Telecom's Packet Switch Stream network between 2 am and 7 am each night. MUD became popular with players around the world, and several magazines wrote articles on this new trend.

Between 1984 and 1987, MUD was hosted on the DEC-20 of Dundee College of Technology which was one of the few institutions to allow outside access.

In 1984, Compunet, a UK-based network primarily for Commodore 64 users, licensed MUD1 and ran it from late 1984 until 1987, when CompuNet abandoned the DEC-10 platform they were using.

Trubshaw and Bartle (with the assistance of Simon Dally) subsequently formed the company Multi-User Entertainment Limited, and proceeded to work on MUD version 4, also known as MUD2 (released in 1985). MUD2 was intended to be run as a service for British Telecom.

In 1987, MUD1 was licensed by CompuServe, who pressured Richard Bartle to close down the instance of MUD1, better known as ''*Essex MUD'''', that was still running at Essex University. This resulted in the deletion of the MUD account that October. This left MIST, a derivative of MUD1 with similar gameplay, as the only remaining MUD running on the Essex University network, becoming one of the first of its kind to attain broad popularity. *MIST'' ran until the machine that hosted it, a PDP-10, was superseded in early 1991.

MUD1 ran under the name British Legends until late 1999 and was retired along with other software during CompuServe's Y2K cleanup efforts.

In 2000, Viktor Toth rewrote the BCPL source code for MUD1 to C++ and opened it alongside MUD2 on British-legends.com.

In 2014, with permission from the authors of MUD1, the C++ reimplementation of MUD1 was deposited within the archives of Stanford University for historical purposes.

In 2020, the full source code for the PDP-10 implementation of MUD1 (as of 1986) was released on GitHub (with permission from the authors), under the GPL v3 license.

Reception

Computer Gaming World in 1993 called British Legends on CompuServe as a "typical text-based multi-player role-playing game" with an emphasis on magic.

References

References

  1. Sloane, Sarah (2000) ''Digital Fictions: Storytelling in a Material World'', Ablex Publishing Corporation, {{ISBN. 978-1-56750-482-8, p. 168
  2. Slator, Brian M. et al "From Dungeons to Classrooms: The Evolution of MUDs as Learning Environments", in Jain, Lakhmi C., Tedman, Raymond A. & Tedman, Debra K. (eds.) (2007) ''Evolution of Teaching and Learning Paradigms in Intelligent Environment'', Springer, {{ISBN. 978-3-540-71973-1, p. 121-2
  3. Kelly, Kevin. (1993). "The Dragon Ate My Homework".
  4. [[Richard Bartle]]. (2003). "Designing Virtual Worlds". [[Peachpit.
  5. Tim Anderson. (1995). "The History of Zork".
  6. [[Richard Bartle]]. (1990). "Early MUD History".
  7. Eddy Carroll. (1995). "MUD Timeline".
  8. (2003). "Developing Online Games: An Insider's Guide". New Riders.
  9. Eddy Carroll. (1995). "MUD Timeline".
  10. Richard Bartle. (1995). "MUD Magazine Bibliography".
  11. Richard Bartle. (2004). "Designing Virtual Worlds".
  12. Richard Bartle. (1999). "CompuNet MUD".
  13. "[http://www.mud.co.uk/muse/people.htm MUSE's Personnel]", mud.co.uk, retrieved 2010-12-18
  14. Richard Bartle. (2002). "MUSE background".
  15. [[Michael Lawrie]]. (2003). "Escape from the Dungeon".
  16. Richard Bartle. (2007). "A Brief History".
  17. Richard Bartle. (2002). "Incarnations of MUD".
  18. Simon Sharwood. (2014). "Source code for world's first MUD, Essex Uni's MUD1, recovered".
  19. "MUD1/British Legends source code, 1999-2014 M2013".
  20. (2024-05-02). "PDP-10/MUD1". PDP-10.
  21. (May 1993). "A Survey of On-Line Games".
  22. Bartle, Richard. (2002). "Incarnations of MUD".
  23. Bartle, Richard. (1999). "MUDDL".

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mud-gamesmainframe-games1978-video-gamesscience-and-technology-in-essexuniversity-of-essexvideo-games-developed-in-the-united-kingdomvideo-games-with-available-source-code