Moyale

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Market town between Kenya and Ethiopia border

title: "Moyale" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["divided-cities", "populated-places-in-marsabit-county", "ethiopia–kenya-border-crossings", "cities-and-towns-in-oromia"] description: "Market town between Kenya and Ethiopia border" topic_path: "geography" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyale" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Market town between Kenya and Ethiopia border ::

::data[format=table title="Infobox settlement"]

Field	Value
official_name	Moyale
native_name	So / om
native_name_lang	So
settlement_type	Town
image_caption	The Marsabit County headquarters in Moyale.
pushpin_map	Kenya#Ethiopia#Horn of Africa#Africa
pushpin_map_caption	Location within Kenya##Location within Ethiopia##Location within the Horn of Africa##Location within Africa
subdivision_type	Country
subdivision_name	Ethiopia, Kenya
subdivision_type1	Region
subdivision_name1	Oromia , Somali
subdivision_type2	Zone
subdivision_name2	Borena, Dhawa
subdivision_type3	Woreda
subdivision_name3	Moyale, Moyale
subdivision_type4	County
subdivision_name4	Marsabit Marsabit County
population_total	c. 25,000 (Ethiopian side) c. 9,000 (Kenyan side)
timezone	EAT
utc_offset	+3
coordinates
elevation_m	1090
::

Moyale is a city situated on the border between Ethiopia and Kenya. In Ethiopia, it serves as the administrative centre for two Ethiopian woredas: Moyale of the Oromia Region and Moyale of the Somali Region. In Kenya, it is the largest town in Marsabit County and the capital of Moyale sub-county.

Moyale is the main border post on the Nairobi-Addis Ababa road, situated along the southern escarpment of the Borana Plateau, north of the Chalbi Desert. The city is known for its traditional architecture.

History

Moyale was established in the beginning of the 20th century on the other side of an already existing Ethiopian border post. Though separated by a wide valley, the two posts maintained close ties. The British outpost was near Fort Harrington, named after the first British Minister to Ethiopia. This fort, guarded by a small garrison of the King's African Rifles, served as both a military stronghold and an administrative center for a British District Commissioner. Unlike the Ethiopian side, British Moyale had a more reliable water supply, attracting cattle from across the border during the dry season.

An early settler at Moyale was a Greek by the name of Philip Zaphiro, (later to become the British Vice Consul and Oriental Secretary to Ethiopia) who had a station which he had named "Fort Harrington". When C.W. Gwynn visited in 1908, Zaphiro's station consisted of a garden that covered several acres and his house, located on a spur projecting from the Boran highlands, and providing access through the line of cliffs that run along the border. "This route may well become some day a considerable trade artery," Gwynn predicted. "Fort Harrington is therefore well placed as a healthy administrative post and as a possible commercial centre."

During World War II, both parts of the town were captured by Italians from Ethiopia in 1940, and retaken by the British on 15 July 1941.

Tensions rose in the Kenyan side of Moyale in early 1999, after an imam was shot dead during an Ethiopian raid across the Ethiopian-Kenyan border in pursuit of rebels of the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF). The Kenyan residents of the town, held demonstrations condemning the action, which they attributed to Ethiopian security men who believed he was a sympathizer of the OLF.

In November 2009, Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi announced plans to extend the Ethiopian railroad to Moyale. This would facilitate Kenyan plans, which at the time were at an advanced stage, to develop the port of Lamu and connect it to the Kenyan side of Moyale with a tarmac road.

Moyale town is located at the frontier border between the traditional territories of Oromo peoples and Somalis living in the southwestern part of Ethiopia. Thus this business town is disputed between the two dominant ethnic groups who are Oromos and Somalis. Moyale saw four days of ethnic clashes in July 2012 over a long-standing land dispute between Borana and Garre communities, exacerbated by drought conditions. The fighting left at least eighteen dead, and more than twenty thousand people fled across the border into Kenya.

In March 2018, nine civilians were killed by the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) near Moyale after being misidentified as Oromo Liberation Front militants. Several soldiers were suspended and a high-level military delegation was dispatched to the area to launch an inquiry.

Demographics

For the Ethiopian share of Moyale, based on figures from the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, it had an estimated total population of 25,038 of whom 13,665 were men and 11,373 women. The 1994 Ethiopian census reported that the Ethiopian side of Moyale had a total population of 13,962, of whom 7,411 were men and 6,551 were women. (This total also includes an estimate for parts of the town of Moyale, which were not counted; for these parts of the town, it was estimated there were 3,419 inhabitants, of whom 1,752 were men and 1,667 were women.) The six largest ethnic groups reported in Moyale were the Borana Oromo (34.25%), the Somali (46.25%), the Burji (7.75%), the Amhara (8.42%), the Welayta (1.82%), and the Silt'e (1.28%). Oromo was spoken as a first language by 55.30%, 25.70% spoke Somali, 15.96% spoke Burji, 3.96% spoke Welayta, and 3.62% spoke Silt'e.

The Kenyan part of Moyale had an urban population of 108,949 during the 2019 census.

One stop border crossing

The trans-African automobile route, the Cairo-Cape Town Highway, passes through Moyale. In June 2021, the one stop border post (OSBP) crossing at Moyale began commercial operations. Officials from both countries sit together in one office and clear passengers and cargo, through immigration, customs, revenue collection and health clearance, saving time. This is the first OSBP for Ethiopia while Kenya maintains four others at Busia and Malaba with Uganda and at Namanga and Taveta with Tanzania.{{cite web |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/kenya-ethiopia-one-stop-border-post-at-moyale-opens-3430514 | title=Kenya, Ethiopia one-stop border post at Moyale opens | newspaper=The EastAfrican |date=8 June 2021 |author=Luke Anami |access-date=9 June 2021 |location=Nairobi}}

Climate

Moyale has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh) moderated somewhat by altitude. Typically for East Africa, there are two rainy seasons: the “long rains” from March to May and the weaker, less reliable “short rains” in October and November. | location = Moyale, Kenya (1958–1994) | metric first = yes | single line = yes | Jan record high C = 34.4 | Feb record high C = 35.0 | Mar record high C = 35.0 | Apr record high C = 32.8 | May record high C = 30.0 | Jun record high C = 27.8 | Jul record high C = 27.8 | Aug record high C = 28.9 | Sep record high C = 30.6 | Oct record high C = 31.7 | Nov record high C = 31.7 | Dec record high C = 32.2 | year record high C = 35.0 | Jan high C = 30.6 | Feb high C = 31.1 | Mar high C = 30.6 | Apr high C = 27.2 | May high C = 25.0 | Jun high C = 24.4 | Jul high C = 23.9 | Aug high C = 24.4 | Sep high C = 26.1 | Oct high C = 26.1 | Nov high C = 27.2 | Dec high C = 28.3 | year high C = 27.1 |Jan mean C = 24.5 |Feb mean C = 25.0 |Mar mean C = 24.8 |Apr mean C = 22.7 |May mean C = 21.4 |Jun mean C = 20.2 |Jul mean C = 19.7 |Aug mean C = 20.0 |Sep mean C = 21.1 |Oct mean C = 22.2 |Nov mean C = 22.2 |Dec mean C = 23.0 |year mean C = 22.3 | Jan low C = 18.3 | Feb low C = 18.9 | Mar low C = 18.9 | Apr low C = 18.3 | May low C = 17.8 | Jun low C = 16.1 | Jul low C = 15.6 | Aug low C = 15.6 | Sep low C = 16.1 | Oct low C = 18.3 | Nov low C = 17.2 | Dec low C = 17.8 | year low C = 17.4 | Jan record low C = 13.9 | Feb record low C = 15.0 | Mar record low C = 14.4 | Apr record low C = 14.4 | May record low C = 13.3 | Jun record low C = 12.8 | Jul record low C = 12.2 | Aug record low C = 12.8 | Sep record low C = 13.9 | Oct record low C = 14.4 | Nov record low C = 13.9 | Dec record low C = 13.9 | year record low C = 12.2 | rain colour = green | Jan rain mm = 10.9 | Feb rain mm = 18.5 | Mar rain mm = 53.3 | Apr rain mm = 176.8 | May rain mm = 119.6 | Jun rain mm = 16.8 | Jul rain mm = 16.5 | Aug rain mm = 16.5 | Sep rain mm = 27.4 | Oct rain mm = 95.8 | Nov rain mm = 80.8 | Dec rain mm = 38.6 | year rain mm = | source 1 = Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial{{cite web | url = http://www.ucm.es/info/cif/station/ke-moyal.htm | title = KENYA - MOYALE | access-date = 2011-10-05 | publisher = Centro de Investigaciones Fitosociológicas | date=August 2010

References

Pankhurst, Richard. (1982). "History of Ethiopian towns from the mid 19th century to 1935". Steiner.
C. W. Gwynn, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1778701 "A Journey in Southern Abyssinia"], ''Geographical Journal'', 38 (August 1911), p. 122
Stewart, Andrew. "Forgotten Fights: The Battle of Amba Alagi 1941". National World War II Museum New Orleans.
{{usurped
link. (July 20, 2011 , press release of the Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (accessed 28 December 2009))
[http://www.internal-displacement.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/(httpEnvelopes)/AA0C62769222BE31802570B8005A6F3B?OpenDocument "Somali-Oromo border referendum of December 2004"] {{webarchive. link. (2009-04-30 , Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre website (accessed 11 February 2009))
(28 July 2012). "Ethiopia: 20,000 flee Moyale clashes - Red Cross". BBC News.
(28 July 2012). "Many killed in Ethiopia ethnic clashes". Al Jazeera.
Maasho, Aaron. (March 11, 2018). "Ethiopian soldiers kill nine civilians mistaken for militants". [[Reuters]].
[http://www.csa.gov.et/text_files/2005_national_statistics.htm CSA 2005 National Statistics], Table B.4
[http://www.csa.gov.et/surveys/Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%201994/survey0/data/docs%5Creport%5CStatistical_Report%5Ck04%5Ck04_partI.pdf ''1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Oromia Region'', Vol. 1, part 1], Tables 2.1, 2.3, 2.14, 2.17 (accessed 6 April 2009)
[https://web.archive.org/web/20110718022538/http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/html/Urban%20Poverty%20all%20Kenya%20Province%20through%20Location%20Final.xls Urban Poverty All Kenya Province Through Location]

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