Mount Marapi

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Active volcano in West Sumatra, Indonesia

title: "Mount Marapi" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["mount-marapi", "stratovolcanoes-of-indonesia", "subduction-volcanoes", "volcanoes-of-sumatra", "complex-volcanoes", "active-volcanoes-of-indonesia", "mountains-of-sumatra", "landforms-of-west-sumatra", "holocene-stratovolcanoes", "ultra-prominent-peaks-of-asia"] description: "Active volcano in West Sumatra, Indonesia" topic_path: "geography/indonesia" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Marapi" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Active volcano in West Sumatra, Indonesia ::

::data[format=table title="Infobox mountain"]

Field	Value
name	Marapi
photo	Gunung Marapi dalam sensasi Dua Warna (cropped).jpg
photo_caption	Marapi in 2017
map	Indonesia
location	West Sumatra, Indonesia
elevation_m	2891
elevation_ref
prominence_m	2116
listing	Ultra
Ribu
range	Barisan Mountains
coordinates
coordinates_ref
type	Complex volcano
volcanic_arc	Sunda Arc
last_eruption	04 January 2025
::

::callout[type=note] the mountain in West Sumatra ::

The Marapi (Jawi: ماراڤي), or Mount Marapi (, , Jawi: ڬونوواڠ ماراڤي), is a complex volcano in West Sumatra, Indonesia, and is the most active volcano in Sumatra. Like that of its quasi-homonym on Java, its name means "Mountain of Fire". Its elevation is 2885 m. Several cities and towns are situated around the mountain including Bukittinggi, Padang Panjang, and Batusangkar. The volcano is also popular among hikers.

Mythology

According to legend, the mountain is the site first settled by the Minangkabau people after their ship landed on the mountain when it was the size of an egg and surrounded by water. There are large numbers of upright burial stones in the region which are oriented in the direction of the mountain, indicating its cultural significance.

Eruptions

The volcano has a known history of eruptions. Marapi underwent a significant eruption in September 1830. In January 1975 an eruption occurred with mudflows and lahars that caused fatalities in the surrounding area. A significant eruption occurred in 1979, which killed 60 people. At least one person was killed during an eruption in 1996. In April–May 2018 ashfalls to the southeast occurred.

Since 2011, the volcano has been at the second level of a four-tier alert system set up by the Volcanological Survey of Indonesia. Predicting the volcano's behavior is described as difficult as the source of its sudden eruptions are shallow and near its peak, while its eruptions are not caused by a deep movement of magma that can be detected as volcanic earthquakes on seismic monitors. Nevertheless, there are about 1,400 people living on its slopes in the villages of Rubai and Gobah Cumantiang, about 5 to 6 kilometers from the summit.

2023 eruption

Main article: 2023 eruption of Mount Marapi

On 3 December 2023, the volcano erupted, leaving 23 climbers dead. Three people were injured and rescued. The ash reached to a height of 3000 m and fell in nearby regions. A 3 km exclusion zone was announced. The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation stated that the eruption occurred suddenly. At the time, there had been no recorded increase in seismic activity since the beginning of 2023.

On 22 December, the volcano erupted again, emitting volcanic ash that forced the cancellation of flights at Minangkabau International Airport.

As of January 2024, at least 113 eruptions have occurred on Marapi since its initial activity in December, with the latest eruption occurring on 23 January. Ash has risen at least 1300 meters into the air and residents within a radius of 4.5 kilometers have been urged to evacuate their homes.

At 12:13 a.m. local time on 27 March, Marapi erupted again, emitting a volcanic ash column with a height of 1.5 kilometers. Flights at Minangkabau International Airport were cancelled again due to the eruption.

2025 eruption

At 9:43 a.m. local time on 04 January, Marapi erupted, emitting a volcanic ash column with a height of 1 kilometers.

Throughout July 2025, Mount Marapi has experienced seven eruptions and eleven ash emissions. Eruptions occurred on July 6 (once), July 11 (twice), July 14 (twice), July 15 (once), and July 16 (once). Of the seven eruptions, only the one on Wednesday, July 16, 2025, at 10:42 AM local time had its eruption height observed, reaching an ash column approximately 1.2 kilometers above the summit. The other eruptions were not visible due to being obscured by fog.

Lahar flows

On 11 May 2024, heavy rain triggered mudslides and lahar flows from the volcano, killing at least 67 people and leaving 20 others missing.

References

{{cite gvp
(2023-12-05). "Mount Marapi: Indonesia volcano death toll rises to 22".
(1999). "Walk in Splendor: Ceremonial Dress and the Minangkabau". [[UCLA]].
Miksic, John. (2004). "From megaliths to tombstones: the transition from pre-history to early Islamic period in highland West Sumatra.". Indonesia and the Malay World.
"Turi-turian ni Raja Gorga di Langit dohot Raja Suasa di Portibi". Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Proyek Penerbitan Buku Bacaan dan Sastra Indonesia dan Daerah.
"Laporan bencana alam Gunung Marapi, Sumatera Barat, tanggal 30 April 1979". [s.n.].
"Death toll rises to 13 after Mount Marapi eruption, climbers still missing".
(9 December 2023). "Marapi eruption: Hikers recount escape from 'Mountain of Fire'". [[BBC]].
Global Volcanism Program, 2018. Report on Marapi (Indonesia) (Venzke, E., ed.). Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 43:6. Smithsonian Institution. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN201806-261140 {{Webarchive. link. (2023-12-05)
(5 December 2023). "Indonesian rescuers race to find 12 missing after eruption". France 24.
(5 December 2023). "More bodies found after sudden eruption of Indonesia's Mount Marapi, raising confirmed toll to 22". Associated Press.
(6 December 2023). "Mount Marapi: Indonesia rescuers find last missing hiker on volcano". [[BBC]].
(4 December 2023). "Mount Marapi eruption: 11 hikers found dead on Indonesian volcano". The Guardian.
(3 December 2023). "Indonesia's Marapi volcano erupts, spewing ash".
(4 December 2023). "Climbers killed survivors found Marapi Indonesia volcano erupt". ABC Australia.
Nurjana, Rahma. (22 December 2023). "Ash from Indonesia's Marapi volcano forces airport to close and stops flights". [[Associated Press]].
(7 January 2024). "Mount Marapi erupts again, releasing roaring sounds". [[Antara (news agency).
(23 January 2024). "Gunung Marapi Kembali Mengalami Peningkatan Erupsi". [[JPNN Sumbar]].
"Indonesia's Mount Marapi erupts again, leading to evacuations but no reported casualties".
(27 March 2024). "Mount Marapi Erupts at Midnight, Spewing Ash 1.5km High". Tempo.
(28 March 2024). "Minangkabau Airport Suspends Operations as Mount Marapi Erupts". Tempo.
"Gunung Marapi Erupsi, Tinggi Kolom Abu Capai 1 KM, Warga Mengira Cuma Suara Ban Truk yang Meletus".
JOL (17 Juli 2025) "Marapi Erupsi Lagi" Kompas. hal 11
"Indonesia seeds clouds to block rainfall after floods killed at least 67 people while 20 are missing". Associated Press.

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