Metropolitan Open
Golf tournament
title: "Metropolitan Open" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["former-pga-tour-events", "golf-tournaments-in-connecticut", "golf-tournaments-in-new-jersey", "golf-tournaments-in-new-york-(state)", "recurring-sporting-events-established-in-1905", "1905-establishments-in-new-york-city"] description: "Golf tournament" topic_path: "sports" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Open" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0
::summary Golf tournament ::
::data[format=table title="infobox golf tournament"]
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| name | Metropolitan Open |
| establishment | 1905 |
| org | Metropolitan Golf Association |
| format | Stroke play |
| month_played | August |
| current_champion | Peter Ballo |
| :: |
| name = Metropolitan Open | image = | caption = | location = | establishment = 1905 | course = | par = | yardage = | org = Metropolitan Golf Association | tour = | format = Stroke play | purse = | month_played = August | final_year = | defunct = | aggregate = | to-par = | current_champion = Peter Ballo The Metropolitan Open is a golf tournament organized by the Metropolitan Golf Association. In the early 20th century it was one of the top events in the country and was retroactively given PGA Tour-level status.
History
The tournament has been played annually since 1905. It is the third oldest "open" golf tournament in the United States, after the U.S. Open and Western Open. It was staged for the first time in 1905 at Fox Hills Golf Club on Staten Island, which played the dual role of host and sponsor. In 1908, the Metropolitan Golf Association hosted the tournament for the first time. In 1914, Macdonald Smith shot recorded a 278 aggregate, the lowest score ever for a 72 hole tournament.
In the 1920s, according to the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, the event was "weakening" due to alleged neglect from the Metropolitan Golf Association (MGA). In addition, the event was often held in the middle of the summer in the interior of New Jersey or New York. The weather tended to be very hot which discouraged players from attending the tournament and sponsors for supporting the event. In addition, all three local sections in the tri-state regions "didn't want it." However, in 1932 the MGA began scheduling the event immediately before the U.S. Open which was normally held in nearby northeast states. Most of the top golfers therefore played The Met Open as a warm-up for the national championship and the event's "prestige" increased. Some newspapers referred to it as one of the top five events in the world at the time, along with the U.S. Open, British Open, Western Open, and PGA Championship. In 1936, "most of the nation's outstanding stars" played in the event, including Gene Sarazen, Craig Wood, Paul Runyan, and leading amateur Jess Sweetser. A young Byron Nelson won the event, one of his first big wins. In 1939, it was regarded as "richer in tradition than any tournament except the National Open" by The Daily Times. In 1940, there was one of the most notable performances. Craig Wood scored at 264 (−16) total and won the event by 11 strokes over Ben Hogan. In addition, according to The Associated Press his 264 total was considered the second lowest 72-hole total any tournament ever, only behind Percy Alliss' 262 total at the 1935 Italian Open. He also broke the tournament record by 14 strokes, which had stood for 26 years.
In 1941, however, the Metropolitan Golf Association "discontinued" the event citing that it was a "financial burden." At the end of the decade, however, the organization renewed the event and it has evolved one the premier local events in the tri-state area. In 1976, the Met Open became one of the first tournaments to use a 3-hole aggregate playoff, a style now adopted by most of the major championships. The 2009 winner was Andrew Giuliani, the son of former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani.
Winners
::data[format=table] | Year | Winner | Score | To par | Margin of victory | Runner(s)-up | Venue | Ref. | Met Open Championship | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | 2024 | Peter Ballo | 215 | −1 | Playoff | Ethan Ng | Wee Burn | | | | 2023 | Dylan Newman | 209 | −4 | 2 strokes | Mark Costanza (a) | Arcola | | | | 2022 | Ryan Siegler | 209 | −4 | 3 strokes | Michael Graboyes Max Greyserman Tom Lovelady David Pastore | Bethpage Black | | | | 2021 | Andrew Svoboda | 200 | −10 | 2 strokes | Tom Lovelady | Hudson National | | | | 2020 | Luke Sample (a) | 205 | −8 | 3 strokes | Paul Pastore Ben Polland | Mountain Ridge | | | | 2019 | Matt Dobyns | 200 | −13 | 2 strokes | Michael Graboyes | Piping Rock | | | | 2018 | Andrew Svoboda | 205 | −11 | 1 stroke | Jack Wall (a) | Wykagyl | | | | 2017 | Joshua Rackley | 207 | −6 | 2 strokes | Danny Balin Matt Dobyns David Schuster | Hollywood | | | | 2016 | Mark Brown | 206 | −4 | 4 strokes | Cameron Young (a) | Glen Oaks | | | | 2015 | Ben Polland | 210 | E | Playoff | Tyler Hall | Winged Foot (East) | | | | 2014 | Grant Sturgeon | 209 | −7 | 3 strokes | Frank Bensel Timothy Puetz | Trump Bedminster (Old) | | | | 2013 | Mark Brown | 209 | −4 | Playoff | Cameron Wilson (a) | Old Westbury | | | | 2012 | Danny Balin | 206 | −9 | 1 stroke | Mike Ballo Jr. Bobby Gage Morgan Hoffmann Ryan McCormick (a) | Plainfield | | | | 2011 | Tyler Hall | 206 | −4 | 1 stroke | Bobby Gage | Sleepy Hollow | | | | 2010 | Bob Rittberger | 213 | E | Playoff | Danny Balin | Bethpage Black | | | | 2009 | Andrew Giuliani | 210 | −3 | 1 stroke | Jerry Courville, Jr. | Ridgewood (N.J.) | | | | 2008 | Mark Mielke | 205 | −5 | 3 strokes | Heath Wassem | Fairfield | | | | 2007 | Frank Bensel | 207 | −6 | 1 stroke | Rick Hartmann Jim Herman Bob Rittberger Andrew Svoboda | Meadow Brook | | | | 2006 | John Guyton | 210 | −6 | Playoff | Rick Hartmann | Canoe Brook | title=Newsday 25 Aug 2006, page 60 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/710380821/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Newspapers.com}} | | | 2005 | John Stoltz (a) | 211 | | Playoff | Craig Thomas | Old Westbury | | | | 2004 | Rick Hartmann | 209 | −1 | 1 stroke | Brian Lamberti | Hudson National | title=The Record 27 Aug 2004, page 31 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/499823458/ |access-date=2022-10-09 |website=Newspapers.com}} | | | 2003 | Andrew Svoboda (a) | 209 | | 5 strokes | Richard Massey | Metedeconk National | | | | 2002 | Johnson Wagner | 207 | | 5 strokes | Rob Labritz | Winged Foot (West) | | | | 2001 | Johnson Wagner (a) | 206 | −4 | 3 strokes | Rick Hartmann | Bethpage Black | | | | 2000 | Michael Gilmore | 207 | | 1 stroke | Jerry Courville, Jr. (a) | Mountain Ridge | | | | 1999 | Mark Brown | 210 | | 2 strokes | Charlie Bolling Mat Cannon | Tuxedo | | | | 1998 | Rick Hartmann | 203 | −7 | 1 stroke | Darrell Kestner | The Creek | title=The Daily Times 21 Aug 1998, page 33 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/723758132/ |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}} | | | 1997 | Mike Burke Jr. | 214 | | 3 strokes | Rick Hartmann | Plainfield | | | | 1996 | Bruce Zabriski | 208 | | 12 strokes | Charlie Bolling Mike Burke Jr. Chris Dachisen George Zahringer (a) | Stanwich | | | | 1995 | Darrell Kestner | 208 | | Playoff | Bruce Zabriski | Atlantic | | | | 1994 | Charlie Cowell | 208 | −5 | 2 strokes | Rick Hartmann Bill King | Ridgewood | title=Newsday 19 Aug 1994, page 100 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/706887020/ |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=Newspapers.com}} | | | 1993 | Bruce Zabriski | 204 | | 4 strokes | Larry Rentz | Quaker Ridge | | | | 1992 | Mark Mielke | 207 | | 1 stroke | Rick Vershure | Nassau | | | | 1991 | Mike Dillfey | 205 | | 3 strokes | Jim Albus Mel Baum | Hollywood | | | | 1990 | Larry Rentz | 204 | | 6 strokes | Mel Baum Rick Hughes Tom McGinnis Bruce Zabriski | Westchester | | | | 1989 | Bobby Heins | 210 | | Playoff | George Zahringer (a) | Bethpage Black | | | | 1988 | Bobby Heins | 210 | | 1 stroke | Tom Joyce | Baltusrol | | | | 1987 | Jim McGovern (a) | 212 | | 1 stroke | David Glenz | Winged Foot | | | | 1986 | David Glenz | 208 | | 1 stroke | Tom Joyce | Nassau | | | | 1985 | George Zahringer (a) | 210 | | 2 strokes | Bruce Douglass | Mountain Ridge | | | | 1984 | Jim Albus | 210 | | 2 strokes | Rick Meskell | Old Oaks | | | | 1983 | Darrell Kestner | 212 | | 4 strokes | Jeff Foxx Don Reese | Old Westbury | | | | 1982 | Darrell Kestner | 207 | | 4 strokes | Jim Albus | Montclair | | | | 1981 | Kelley Moser | 211 | | 2 strokes | David Glenz | Knollwood | | | | 1980 | George Bullock | 209 | | Playoff | Dick Siderowf (a) | Woodmere | | | | 1979 | Bill Britton | 216 | | Playoff | George Bullock | Plainfield | | | | 1978 | David Glenz | 214 | | Playoff | Nick Manolios | Quaker Ridge | | | | 1977 | Marty Bohen | 214 | −2 | 2 strokes | Austin Straub | Meadow Brook | last=White Jr. |first=Gordon S. |date=1977-08-26 |title=Bohen Wins Met Open For 2d Year |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/08/26/archives/bohen-wins-met-open-for-2d-year.html |access-date=2020-01-09}} | | | 1976 | Marty Bohen | 215 | −1 | Playoff | Lloyd Monroe Jimmy Wright | Upper Montclair | date=1976-08-27 |title=Bohen wins Met Open |pages=48 |work=The Record |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75367813/bohen-wins-met-open/ |access-date=2021-04-08}} | | | 1975 | Carlton White | 211 | | 3 strokes | Carl Lohren | Metropolis | | | | 1974 | Bob Bruno | 209 | | 2 strokes | Dave Smith | Middle Bay | | | | 1973 | Peter Davison | 286 | | 1 stroke | Tom Joyce | Hackensack | | | | 1972 | Don Massengale | 288 | | Playoff | Ron Letellier | Stanwich | | | | 1971 | Ron Letellier | 279 | | 1 stroke | Jimmy Wright | Fresh Meadow | | | | 1970 | Jim Albus | 288 | | Playoff | Jimmy Wright | Ridgewood | | | | 1969 | Jimmy Wright | 284 | | 2 stroke | Mike Fetchick | Fenway | | | | 1968 | Jerry Pittman | 274 | | 8 strokes | Jimmy Wright | Inwood | | | | 1967 | Jerry Courville Sr. (a) | 292 | | 4 strokes | Billy Farrell Ron Letellier Stan Mosel Rick Rhoads Terry Wilcox | Winged Foot | | | | 1966 | Tom Nieporte | 277 | | 3 strokes | Stan Mosel | Mountain Ridge | | | | 1965 | Jerry Pittman | 275 | | 3 strokes | Wes Ellis Jimmy Wright | Woodmere | | | | 1964 | Jack Patroni | 284 | | 2 strokes | Wes Ellis Al Feminelli | Briar Hall | | | | 1963 | Wes Ellis | 283 | | 5 strokes | Doug Ford | Plainfield | | | | 1962 | Miller Barber | 282 | | Playoff | Tom Nieporte | Nassau | | | | 1961 | Wes Ellis | 289 | | 2 strokes | Claude Harmon | Winged Foot | | | | 1960 | Al Mengert | 272 | | 12 strokes | Wes Ellis | Ridgewood | | | | 1959 | Jim Turnesa | 286 | | 1 stroke | Shelley Mayfield | Woodmere | | | | 1958 | Bob Watson | 279 | | 3 strokes | Claude Harmon | Metropolis | | | | 1957 | Wes Ellis | 296 | | 3 strokes | Shelley Mayfield | Plainfield | | | | 1956 | Doug Ford | 288 | | 3 strokes | Mike Turnesa | Inwood | | | | 1955 | Art Doering | 285 | | Playoff | Al Brosch | Fenway | | | | 1954 | Otto Greiner | 290 | | 1 stroke | Jay Hebert | The Knoll | | | | 1953 | Pete Cooper | 284 | | 4 strokes | Pat Cici | Rockville Links | | | | 1952 | Chet Sanok (a) | 289 | | 2 strokes | Dick Mayer Jim Turnesa | Winged Foot | | | | 1951 | Claude Harmon | 275 | | 2 strokes | Pete Cooper | Forest Hill | | | | 1950 | George Stuhler | 280 | | 1 stroke | Claude Harmon | Garden City CC | | | | 1949 | Jack Burke Jr. | 274 | | 6 strokes | Gene Sarazen | Metropolis | | | | 1941–1948: Not played due to financial issues | | | | | | | | | | 1940 | Craig Wood | 264 | −16 | 11 strokes | Ben Hogan | Forest Hill | | | | 1939 | Henry Picard | 283 | −1 | Playoff1 | Paul Runyan (2nd) | Metropolis | | | | 1938 | Jimmy Hines | 287 | | 3 strokes | Sam Snead | Fresh Meadow | | | | 1937 | Jimmy Hines | 279 | | 1 stroke | Henry Picard | Forest Hill | | | | 1936 | Byron Nelson | 283 | | 2 strokes | Craig Wood | Quaker Ridge | | | | 1935 | Henry Picard | 284 | | 4 strokes | Sid Brews | Lakeville | | | | 1934 | Paul Runyan | 287 | | 1 stroke | Wiffy Cox Walter Hagen | Echo Lake | | | | 1933 | Willie Macfarlane | 291 | | 1 stroke | Paul Runyan | Winged Foot | | | | 1932 | Olin Dutra | 282 | | 2 strokes | Walter Kozak | Lido | | | | 1931 | Macdonald Smith | 285 | | 5 strokes | Gene Sarazen | Crestmont | | | | 1930 | Willie Macfarlane | 280 | | Playoff | Johnny Farrell | Fairview | | | | 1929 | Bill Mehlhorn | 288 | | 3 strokes | Wiffy Cox | Lido | | | | 1928 | Tommy Armour | 278 | −10 | 2 strokes | Johnny Farrell | Shackamaxon | | | | 1927 | Johnny Farrell | 296 | | 1 stroke | Bobby Cruickshank | Wykagyl | | | | 1926 | Macdonald Smith | 286 | | Playoff | Gene Sarazen | Salisbury | | | | 1925 | Gene Sarazen | 295 | | 1 stroke | Joe Turnesa | Grassy Sprain | | | | 1924 | Mike Brady | 292 | | 2 strokes | Willie Macfarlane | Engineers | | | | 1923 | Bob MacDonald | 295 | | Playoff | Jim Barnes | Canoe Brook | | | | 1922 | Marty O'Loughlin | 309 | | 3 strokes | Johnny Farrell | Lido | | | | 1921 | Bob MacDonald | 294 | | 4 strokes | Pat O'Hara | Siwanoy | title=Bob MacDonald Wins Metropolitan Open Golf Championship|newspaper=Arizona Republican|page=1|date=July 29, 1921|via=Newspapers.com}} | | | 1920 | Walter Hagen | 292 | | Playoff | Jim Barnes | Greenwich | | | | 1919 | Walter Hagen | 294 | | 3 strokes | Emmet French | North Shore | | | | 1917–1918: Not played due to World War I | | | | | | | | | | 1916 | Walter Hagen | 307 | | Playoff | Jim Barnes Charles Hoffner | Garden City GC | | | | 1915 | Gilbert Nicholls | 292 | | Playoff | Bob MacDonald | Fox Hills | | | | 1914 | Macdonald Smith | 278 | | 9 strokes | Willie Macfarlane | Scarsdale | | | | 1913 | Alex Smith | 291 | | 1 stroke | Tom McNamara | Salisbury Links | | | | 1912 | Tom McNamara | 293 | | 4 strokes | Gilbert Nicholls | Apawamis | url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tom_McNamara_Wins_1912_Metropolitan_Open_at_Apawamis_Club.jpg |title=Tom McNamara Wins Metropolitan Championship |newspaper=Fitchburg Daily Sentinel |date=July 12, 1912 |access-date=February 22, 2015}} | | | 1911 | Gilbert Nicholls | 281 | | 8 strokes | Jack Hobens | Englewood | | | | 1910 | Alex Smith | 301 | | 2 strokes | John McDermott | Deal | | | | 1909 | Alex Smith | 306 | | 2 strokes | Gilbert Nicholls | Wykagyl | | | | 1908 | Jack Hobens | 305 | | 1 stroke | Alex Campbell | Baltusrol | | | | 1907 | Not held | | | | | | | | | 1906 | George Low | 294 | | 2 strokes | Alex Smith | Hollywood | | | | 1905 | Alex Smith | 300 | | Playoff | Willie Anderson | Fox Hills | | | ::
Sources:
1Picard and Runyan tied with a 70 at the end of the first 18-hole playoff while Ghezzi was eliminated with a 77. In the second playoff, Picard defeated Runyan 69 to 71.
References
References
- (August 21, 1910). "Open Golf Tourney Starts At Deal Next Wednesday". The Washington Post.
- (2012-03-08). "Met Open Championship Presented by Callaway History".
- "The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 23 Apr 1934, page Page 20".
- "The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 07 Feb 1936, page Page 23".
- "The Morning Call 18 Feb 1935, page 21".
- "Lincoln Journal Star 22 May 1936, page 17".
- "The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 25 May 1936, page Page 23".
- "The Daily Times 25 May 1939, page 9".
- "The Baltimore Sun 27 May 1940, page 13".
- Field, Bill. (June 8, 2009). "In It For The Long Haul".
- "108th Met Open Championship Presented by Callaway - Arcola".
- "Siegler's Stretch Run Secures Met Open".
- "Svoboda Shines At Hudson National".
- "Sample Captures 105th Met Open at Mountain Ridge".
- "Bogey-Free 66 Propels Dobyns to Met Open Title".
- "Svoboda Secures Met Open for Second Time".
- "Rackley Claims 102nd Met Open, Joins Latest Podcast".
- "Brown earns third career Met Open title".
- "Ben Polland Wins 100th Met Open".
- "Grant Sturgeon Wins Met Open".
- "Mark Brown Wins Second Met Open Title".
- "Balin Wins 97th Met Open After Final Round 66".
- "Tyler Hall Wins 96th Met Open at Sleepy Hollow".
- "Giuliani Wins Met Open For His First Professional Title".
- "Newsday 25 Aug 2007, page 26".
- "Newsday 25 Aug 2006, page 60".
- "The Record 27 Aug 2004, page 31".
- "Newsday 24 Aug 2001, page 71".
- "The Central New Jersey Home News 24 Aug 2001, page 31".
- "The Daily Times 21 Aug 1998, page 33".
- "Newsday (Nassau Edition) 21 Aug 1998, page 76".
- "Newsday 19 Aug 1994, page 100".
- White Jr., Gordon S.. (1977-08-26). "Bohen Wins Met Open For 2d Year". The New York Times.
- "Major League Box Scores".
- (1976-08-27). "Bohen wins Met Open". The Record.
- "Record-Journal 27 May 1940, page 4".
- "The Tampa Tribune 28 May 1939, page 16".
- "The Spokesman-Review 29 May 1939, page 11".
- "Wichita Falls Times 30 May 1939, page 7".
- "The Herald-Sun 15 May 1938, page 27".
- "Hartford Courant 24 May 1936, page 45".
- "Miami Tribune 24 May 1936, page 26".
- "Tampa Bay Times 28 May 1933, page 11".
- "The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 17 Jul 1932, page Page 27".
- "The Fresno Bee 17 Jul 1932, page 12".
- "Hartford Courant 19 Jul 1931, page 31".
- Trost, Ralph. (July 20, 1930). "Golfers to play off for title today: each scores total of 280". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
- Powers, Jimmy. (July 21, 1930). "MacFarlane wins met open title by two strokes". Daily News.
- Trost, Ralph. (July 21, 1929). "Wild Bill Mehlhorn wins Met. open golf title on Lido course with 288". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
- Trost, Ralph. (July 21, 1928). "Mastery of the half-shot makes Armour great golfer". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
- Gallico, Paul. (May 28, 1927). "Farrell's 296 wins Met open title". Daily News.
- Trost, Ralph. (July 18, 1926). "Smith and Sarazen tie for Met. open: Will play off today". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
- Trost, Ralph. (July 20, 1926). "Mac Smith and Gene Sarazen create golfing history". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
- Trevor, George. (July 25, 1926). "Gene Sarazen's 70 pales before Mac Smith's dazzling 66". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
- Trevor, George. (July 19, 1925). "Gene Sarazen revives memory of 1922 by winning Met. open title". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
- Trevor, George. (July 12, 1924). "Mike Brady realizes his heart's desire by winning Metropolitan golf title". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
- Trevor, George. (July 21, 1923). "MacDonald boots "Met." title away on last three holes as Barnes ties him". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
- Trevor, George. (July 22, 1923). "Bob MacDonald overwhelms Jim Barnes by nine strokes in playoff for "Met." title". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
- Trevor, George. (September 16, 1922). "Marty O'Loughlin nearly tossed away his title because of a gallery". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
- (July 29, 1921). "Bob MacDonald Wins Metropolitan Open Golf Championship". Arizona Republican.
- Hicks, William Everett. (July 31, 1919). "Hagen and Barnes tie shows strange golf form reversals". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
- Hicks, William Everett. (August 1, 1919). "Hagen wins golf title for 3d time by beating Barnes". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
- Hicks, William Everett. (July 12, 1920). "Hagen's great closing round gives him Met. golf title". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
- (July 15, 1916). "Three pros finish in a tie for Met. open golf title". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
- (July 15, 1916). "Walter Hagen wins Met. open title". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
- (July 10, 1915). "McDonald's great golf shot onhome hole tied Nichols for title". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
- (July 11, 1915). "Gil Nichols wins Met. golf title". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
- (August 7, 1914). "Macdonald Smith deprives brother of big golf title". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
- (August 15, 1913). "McNamara loses golf title to Smith by missing putt". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
- (July 12, 1912). "Tom McNamara Wins Metropolitan Championship". Fitchburg Daily Sentinel.
- (July 14, 1911). "Britisher takes title in M.G.A. open golf event". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
- (August 27, 1910). "Metropolitan golf title retained by Alex Smith". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
- (September 18, 1909). "M.G.A. open championship captured by Alex. Smith". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
- (September 25, 1908). "Exciting finish at Baltusrol in Metropolitan open event". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
- (August 11, 1906). "George Low Metropolitan champion after five years of effort". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
- (September 16, 1905). "Smith and Anderson tie at Fox Hills". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
- (September 17, 1905). "Alex Smith, Nassau pro, is M.G.A. open champion". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
- "Met Open Championship Presented by Callaway History". Metropolitan Golf Association.
- "100th Met Open 1905–2015 Winger Foot". Metropolitan Golf Association.
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