Methanium

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Ion of carbon with five hydrogens

title: "Methanium" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["carbocations", "superacids"] description: "Ion of carbon with five hydrogens" topic_path: "general/carbocations" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanium" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Ion of carbon with five hydrogens ::

| Name = Methanium | OtherNames = carbonium (discouraged due to multiple definitions) | IUPACName = Methanium | SystematicName = | Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers | PubChem = 21881157 | SMILES = [C+H5] | SMILES_Comment = true methanium | SMILES1 = [CH3+].[HH] | SMILES1_Comment = fluxional methanium | InChI=1S/CH5/h1H5/q+1 | InChIKey=PXOFOHGGCICFQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N | InChI_Comment = true methanium | InChI1=1S/CH5/c1-2/h2H,1H3/q+1 | InChIKey1=AJLDAZFHECSILY-UHFFFAOYSA-N | InChI1_Comment = fluxional methanium | Section2 = {{Chembox Properties | Formula = | C=1|H=5 | ConjugateBase = Methane | Section3 = {{Chembox Structure | MolShape = trigonal bipyramidal | ImageFile = Chemdg methonium 1pos.svg | ImageClass = skin-invert-image | ImageAlt = A carbon atom, bearing a formal charge of +1, single-bonded to each of five hydrogen atoms | ImageCaption = "True" methanium, the metastable transitional state | ImageFile1 = Methonium.svg | ImageClass1 = skin-invert-image | ImageAlt1 = A carbon atom single-bonded to each of three hydrogen atoms and engaging in a three-center two-electron bond with two additional hydrogen atoms, the group as a whole bearing a +1 charge | ImageCaption1 = Fluxional methanium,

In chemistry, methanium is a complex positive ion with formula (metastable transitional form, a carbon atom covalently bonded to five hydrogen atoms) or (fluxional form, namely a molecule with one carbon atom covalently bonded to three hydrogen atoms and one dihydrogen molecule), bearing a +1 electric charge. It is a superacid and one of the onium ions, indeed the simplest carbonium ion.

It is highly unstable and highly reactive even upon having a complete octet, thus granting its superacidic properties.

Methanium can be produced in the laboratory as a rarefied gas or as a dilute species in superacids. It was prepared for the first time in 1950 and published in 1952 by Victor Talrose and his assistant Anna Konstantinovna Lyubimova. It occurs as an intermediate species in chemical reactions.

The methanium ion is named after methane (), by analogy with the derivation of ammonium ion () from ammonia ().

Structure

Fluxional methanium can be visualised as a carbenium ion with a molecule of hydrogen interacting with the empty orbital in a 3-center-2-electron bond. The bonding electron pair in the molecule is shared between the two hydrogen and one carbon atoms making up the 3-center-2-electron bond.

The two hydrogen atoms in the molecule can continuously exchange positions with the three hydrogen atoms in the ion (a conformation change called pseudorotation, specifically the Berry mechanism). The methanium ion is therefore considered a fluxional molecule. The energy barrier for the exchange is quite low and occurs even at very low temperatures.

Infrared spectroscopy has been used to obtain information about the different conformations of the methanium ion. The IR spectrum of plain methane has two C-H bands from symmetric and asymmetric stretching at around 3000 cm−1 and two bands around 1400 cm−1 from symmetrical and asymmetric bending vibrations. In the spectrum of three asymmetric stretching vibrations are present around 2800–3000 cm−1, a rocking vibration at 1300 cm−1, and a bending vibration at 1100 1300 cm−1.

Preparation

Methanium can be prepared from methane by the action of very strong acids, such as fluoroantimonic acid (antimony pentafluoride in hydrogen fluoride HF).

At about 270 Pa of pressure and ambient temperature, the methane ion will react with neutral methane to yield methanium and a methyl radical: : The methanium ion can also be made in the gas phase via the reaction of methane and an ion (i.e. a proton).

:

Stability and reactions

The cations obtained by reaction of methane with , including methanium, are stabilized by interactions with the HF molecules.

At low pressures (around 1 mmHg) and ambient temperatures, methanium is unreactive towards neutral methane.

References

V. L. Talrose and A. K. Lyubimova, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 86, 909-912 (1952) (In Russian: Тальрозе, В. Л., and А. К. Любимова. "Вторичные процессы в ионном источнике масс-спектрометра." ДАН СССР 86 (1952): 909-912)

References

  1. (2009). "IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology". IUPAC.
  2. (1998). "Victor Talrose: an appreciation". Journal of Mass Spectrometry.
  3. (1965). "Reactions of gaseous ions. XIV. Mass spectrometric studies of methane at pressures to 2 Torr". Journal of the American Chemical Society.
  4. (1997). "CH5+: The story goes on. An explicitly correlated coupled-cluster study". Journal of Chemical Physics.
  5. (2006). "Quantum deconstruction of the infrared spectrum of {{chem". Science.
  6. (1999). "{{chem". Science.
  7. (2005). "Understanding the infrared spectrum of bare {{chem". Science.
  8. (2000). "Carbenium and carbonium ions in liquid- and solid-superacid-catalyzed activation of small alkanes". Pure and Applied Chemistry.
  9. (2011). "Comparative study of the hypercoordinate carbonium ions and their boron analogs: A challenge for spectroscopists". Chemical Physics Letters.
  10. (1993). "{{chem". Journal of Chemical Physics.

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carbocationssuperacids