Markarian galaxies

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Galaxy with a nucleus emitting exceptionally large amounts of ultraviolet

title: "Markarian galaxies" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["markarian-galaxies", "galactic-astronomy", "active-galaxy-types", "astronomy-in-the-soviet-union"] description: "Galaxy with a nucleus emitting exceptionally large amounts of ultraviolet" topic_path: "science/astronomy" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markarian_galaxies" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Galaxy with a nucleus emitting exceptionally large amounts of ultraviolet ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Aladin2011.04.13-21-28-34.268.png" caption="Sky plot showing locations of Markarian galaxies. White band is due to the Milky Way."] ::

The Markarian galaxies are a class of galaxies that have nuclei with excessive amounts of ultraviolet emissions compared with other galaxies. Benjamin Markarian drew attention to these types of galaxies starting in 1963. The nuclei of the galaxies had a blue colour, associated to stars in the classes from O to A. This blue core did not match the rest of the galaxy. The spectrum in detail tends to show a continuum that Markarian concluded was produced non-thermally. Most of these have emission lines and are characterized by highly energetic activity. |last=Koioian |first=Gabriel |author2=Dickinson, D. F. |author3=Tovmassian, H. |author4=Purton, C. R. |author5=Sramek, R. A. |date=15 January 1976 |title=The Radio Spectra of Markarian Galaxies |journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=203 |issue=1 |pages=323–328 |bibcode=1976ApJ...203..323K |doi=10.1086/154082 |last=Markarian |first=Benjamin Y. |date=1963 |journal=Soobshcheniya Byurakan Observatory |title=NASA Extragalactic Database |volume=34 |pages=3 |bibcode=1963CoBAO..34....3M Markarian Catalogue entries are of the form "Markarian ####", and can frequently use the abbreviations Mrk, Mkr, Mkn; and rarely Ma, Mk, Mark.

History

In 1964 Markarian decided to search for this kind of galaxy.{{cite journal |last1=Markarian |first1=B. E. |last2=Lipovetskii |first2=V. A. |last3=Stepanian |first3=J. A. |last4=Erastova |first4=L. K. |last5=Shapovalova |first5=A. I. |date=1989 |title=The First Byurkan Survey: A Catalogue of Galaxies with UV-Continuum |url=http://www.maa.clell.de/Cat/Vol4/7172/descrip.doc |journal=Soobshcheniya Spetsial'noj Astrofizicheskoj Observatorii |volume=62 |page=5 |bibcode=1989SoSAO..62....5M |access-date=2011-12-10 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185443/http://www.maa.clell.de/Cat/Vol4/7172/descrip.doc |url-status=dead The First Byurakan Survey commenced in 1965 using the Schmidt telescope at the Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory in Armenian SSR. The telescope used a 132 cm mirror and 102 cm correcting plate. When this started it was the largest telescope to have a full aperture objective prism. The purpose of the survey was to find galaxies with an ultraviolet excess. |last1 = Massaro |first1 = E. |last2 = Mickaelian |first2 = A. |last3 = Nesci |first3 = R. |last4 = Weedman |first4 = D. |date = 2008 |title = The Digitized First Byurakan Survey |publisher = Aracne |url = http://www.aracneeditrice.it/pdf/2421.pdf |isbn = 978-88-548-2421-8 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120426042000/http://www.aracneeditrice.it/pdf/2421.pdf |archive-date = 2012-04-26 The optics used were corrected for blue violet. Prisms in this had a low dispersion of 180 nm/mm in order not to spread out the galactic core spectrum too much and confuse it with other objects. This permitted classification of galaxies with magnitudes down to 17.5. Seventy galaxies with UV-continuum appeared on lists, and the term "Markarian galaxies" came into use. |last=Markarian |first=B. E. |date=1967 |journal=Astrofizika |volume=3 |page=55 |bibcode=1967Afz.....3...55M |title=Galaxies with an ultraviolet continuum |last=Markarian |first=B. E. |title=Non-stable Phenomena in Galaxies |series=IAU Symposium No. 29 |date=1968 |publisher=Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of Armenian SSR |location=Yerevan |last=Markarian |first=Benjamin E. |date=1969 |journal=Astrofizika |volume=5 |page=443 |bibcode=1969Afz.....5..443M |title=Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. I |last=Markarian |first=B. E. |date=1969 |journal=Astrofizika |volume=5 |page=581 |bibcode=1969Afz.....5..581M |title=Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. II |last1=Markarian |first1=B. E. |last2=Lipovetskii |first2=V. A. |date=1971 |journal=Astrofizika |volume=7 |page=511 |bibcode=1971Afz.....7..511M |title=Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. IV |last3=Lipovetskii |first3=V. A. |last1=Markarian |first1=B. E. |last2=Lipovetskii |first2=V. A. |date=1972 |journal=Astrofizika |volume=8 |page=155 |bibcode=1972Afz.....8..155M |title=Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. V |last1=Markarian |first1=B. E. |last2=Lipovetskii |first2=V. A. |date=1973 |title=Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. VI |journal=Astrofizika |volume=9 |page=487 |bibcode=1973Afz.....9..487M |last1=Markarian |first1=B. E. |last2=Lipovetskii |first2=V. A. |date=1974 |journal=Astrofizika |volume=10 |page=307 |bibcode=1974Afz....10..307M |title=Galaxies with Ultraviolet continuum. VII |last1=Markarian |first1=B. E. |last2=Lipovetskii |first2=V. A. |date=1976 |journal=Astrofizika |volume=12 |page=389 |bibcode=1976Afz....12..389M |title=Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. VIII |last1=Markarian |first1=B. E. |last2=Lipovetskii |first2=V. A. |date=1976 |journal=Astrofizika |volume=12 |page=657 |bibcode=1976Afz....12..657M |title=Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. IX |last1=Markarian |first1=B. E. |last2=Lipovetskii |first2=V. A. |last3=Stepanian |first3=J. A. |date=1977 |journal=Astrofizika |volume=13 |page=225 |bibcode=1977Afz....13..225M |title=Galaxies with ultraviolet continua. X |last1=Markarian |first1=B. E. |last2=Lipovetskii |first2=V. A. |last3=Stepanian |first3=J. A. |date=1977 |journal=Astrofizika |volume=13 |page=397 |bibcode=1977Afz....13..397M |title=Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. XI |last1=Markarian |first1=B. E. |last2=Lipovetskii |first2=V. A. |last3=Stepanian |first3=J. A. |date=1979 |journal=Astrofizika |volume=15 |page=201 |bibcode=1979Afz....15..201M |title=Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. XII |last1=Markarian |first1=B. E. |last2=Lipovetskii |first2=V. A. |last3=Stepanian |first3=J. A. |date=1979 |journal=Astrofizika |volume=15 |page=363 |bibcode=1979Afz....15..363M |title=Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. XIII |last1=Markarian |first1=B. E. |last2=Lipovetskii |first2=V. A. |last3=Stepanian |first3=J. A. |date=1979 |journal=Astrofizika |volume=15 |page=549 |bibcode=1979Afz....15..549M |title=Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. XIV |last1=Markarian |first1=B. E. |last2=Lipovetskii |first2=V. A. |last3=Stepanian |first3=J. A. |date=1981 |journal=Astrofizika |volume=17 |page=619 |bibcode=1981Afz....17..619M |title=Galaxies with ultraviolet continuum. XV

A list titled "First Byurakan Survey" circulated in 1986, including the original 1500 galaxies and 32 extras numbered from 9001 to 9032. |last1=Lipovetskii |first1=V. A. |last2=Stepanian |first2=J. A. |date=1986 |title=First Byurakan Survey |publisher=unpublished |url=http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/help/faq2.html#2e |title=Frequently Asked Questions: NED and other catalogs |date=29 May 2009 |access-date=10 December 2011

In 2005, the "Second Byurakan Survey" (SBS, SBSSS, BSS, MrkII, Markarian II) was carried out, extending the MrkI survey to fainter objects, making a catalogue of 3563 objects of 1863 galaxies (SBSG) and 1700 stars (SBSS); 761 of the galaxies are AGN (155 Seyferts, 596 quasars, 10 blazars).

Characteristics

The catalogues of galaxies included a name, coordinates, spectral type, visible size and morphological type of galaxy. A custom designator for the galaxy core of "s" for star-like or "d" for diffuse was used, with hybrids of "ds" or "sd". A digit 1,2 or 3 indicated strong, moderate or weak UV emission. A letter "e" was appended if emission lines were apparent. Eleven galaxies had a blue star in the foreground creating the ultraviolet excess, so these galaxies do not really fall into the class. Another problem is duplicate entries where Mrk 107 is Mrk 20, Mrk 1318 is Mrk 49, and Mrk 890 is Mrk 503.

The various objects in this catalogue include Seyfert galaxies, starburst galaxies, H II regions, active galactic nuclei, BL Lac objects and quasars. Some objects are actually giant glowing regions of ionized hydrogen in a galaxy including Mrk 59, 71, 86b, 94, 256b, 404, 489b, 1039, 1236, 1315, and 1379a. Other galaxies have black holes shooting hot gas in energetic jets. Many are variable, showing the brightness comes from a small region.

Publications listing the Markarian galaxies

Gallery

File:Hubble Interacting Galaxy NGC 3690 (2008-04-24).jpg|171 File:NGC 4319 I HST2002.jpg|205 File:Markarian 209.png|209 File:Hubble Interacting Galaxy UGC 8058 (2008-04-24).jpg|231 File:Hubble Interacting Galaxy NGC 5256 (2008-04-24).jpg|266 File:Hubble Interacting Galaxy Mrk 273 (2008-04-24).jpg|273 File:Hubble Interacting Galaxy UGC 12812 (2008-04-24).jpg|331 (top center) File:Mark421-U3WS2701M.jpg|421 File:MRK 0501 2MASS.jpg|501 File:Markarian 509 (HST).tiff|509 File:Hubble Interacting Galaxy NGC 7674 (2008-04-24).jpg|533 File:Markarian 817 (captured by the Hubble Space Telescope).jpg|817 File:Hubble Interacting Galaxy VV 705 (2008-04-24).jpg|848

References

References

  1. (7 November 2014). "info cati Mrk$". SIMBAD.
  2. Stepanian, J. A.. (2005). "The Second Byurakan Survey. General Catalogue". Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica.
  3. (7 November 2014). "info cati SBSS$". SIMBAD.
  4. (7 November 2014). "info cati SBSG$". SIMBAD.
  5. "The Data". Atlas and Database of Markarian Galaxies - Petrosian et al..
  6. Petrosian. "The Optical Database".

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markarian-galaxiesgalactic-astronomyactive-galaxy-typesastronomy-in-the-soviet-union