Maitrī

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Buddhist term meaning "loving-kindness"

title: "Maitrī" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["buddhist-meditation", "hindu-philosophical-concepts", "buddhist-philosophical-concepts", "jain-philosophical-concepts", "friendship", "sanskrit-words-and-phrases"] description: "Buddhist term meaning "loving-kindness"" topic_path: "philosophy" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitrī" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Buddhist term meaning "loving-kindness" ::

| title = Mettā | en = Loving-kindness, benevolence | pi = | sa = मैत्री | sa-Latn = maitrī | zh = 慈 | zh-Latn = cí | mnw = မေတ္တာ | ja = 慈 | ja-Latn = ji | km = មេត្តា | km-Latn= métta | ko= 자 | ko-Latn = ja | si = මෛත්‍රිය | so-Latn = maitriya | shn = | shn-Latn= | tl = Maitli | th = เมตตา | th-Latn = metta | bo = | bn-Latn = | my-Latn = mjɪʔ tà|vi=từ |vi-Hani=慈 |id=cinta kasih}} sa (Pali: pi) is a Sanskrit term that refers to benevolence, loving-kindness,{{multiref2 |1= [spelled as two words: "loving kindness"] |2= [spelled without a hyphen: "lovingkindness"] |3= |4= [without a hyphen] |5= }} friendliness, amity, and active interest in others. It is the first of the four sublime states (pi) and one of the ten pi of Theravāda Buddhism.

The cultivation of benevolence (pi) is a popular form of Buddhist meditation. It is a part of the four immeasurables in pi (divine abidings) meditation. pi as "compassion meditation" is often practiced in Asia by broadcast chanting, wherein monks chant for the laity.

The unconditional loving-kindness concept of pi is discussed in the Metta Sutta of Buddhism, and is also found in the ancient and medieval texts of Hinduism and Jainism as pi or sa.

Small sample studies on the potential of suggest potential benefits. However, peer reviews question the quality and sample size of these studies.

Etymology and meaning

pi is a Pali word, from sa which was itself derived from sa which, states Monier-Williams, means "friend". The term is found in this sense in the Vedic literature, such as the Shatapatha Brahmana and various early Upanishads, and Vedanga literature such as Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī 5.4.36. The term appears in Buddhist texts as an important concept and practice.

Buswell and Lopez, as well as Harvey, translate pi as "loving-kindness". In Buddhist belief, this is a pi (divine abode) or an immeasurable that leads to a meditative state by being a counter to ill-will. It removes clinging to negative states of mind, by cultivating kindness unto all beings.

According to Ven. Sangye Khadro's book Awakening a Kind Heart, loving kindness or pi is the sincere wish that all beings have happiness and its causes.https://www.kmspks.org/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/Awakening-2ndEdition.2013-Web.pdf

Page 7-10 of the book not pdf This can be displayed mainly through 3 forms:

Care for the other individual
Appreciation of what the individual has done for us
The sincere wish for the individual to have happiness

The "far enemy" of pi is hate or ill-will, a mind-state in obvious opposition. The "near enemy" (quality which superficially resembles pi but is in fact more subtly in opposition to it), is attachment (greed): here too one likes experiencing a virtue, but for the wrong reason.{{multiref2 |1= |2= }}

{{transliteration|pi|Mettā}} meditation

pi meditation, or often "loving-kindness meditation", is the practice concerned with the cultivation of pi, i.e. benevolence, kindness, and amity. The practice generally consists of silent repetitions of phrases such as "may you be happy" or "may you be free from suffering", for example directed at a person who, depending on tradition, may or may not be internally visualized.

Two different methodological approaches have been discerned in recent review papers: practices that focus on compassion, and practices focusing on loving-kindness. Focusing on compassion means that meditation consists of the wish to relieve a being from suffering, whereas focusing on loving-kindness means wishing a being happiness.

The practice gradually increases in difficulty with respect to the targets that receive the practitioner's compassion or loving-kindness. At first the practitioner is targeting "oneself, then loved ones, neutral ones, difficult ones, and finally all beings, with variations across traditions".

Origins

According to Martin Wiltshire, prior to the advent of the Buddha, there existed traditions of sa and of meditation with the four virtues of loving-kindness, compassion, empathetic joy, and equanimity. The early Buddhist texts assert that pre-Buddha ancient Indian sages who taught these virtues were earlier incarnations of the Buddha. Post-Buddha, these same virtues are found in the Hindu texts such as verse 1.33 of the Yoga Sutras of Patañjali, wherein the word sa is synonymous with pi.

Loving-kindness (sa), along with compassion and equanimity, are found in the early Upanishads of Hinduism, while loving-kindness (pi) is found in early Sutras of Jainism along with compassion, empathetic joy and equanimity. The ancient Indian Paccekabuddhas who are mentioned in the early Buddhist Suttas, those who lived before the Buddha, mention all "four immeasurables" and Brahmavihara, and they are claimed in the Suttas to be previous incarnations of the Buddha.

According to Ian Harris, the Buddhist scriptures acknowledge that the pi-concept containing four pi meditation practices "did not originate within the Buddhist tradition". The Buddha never claimed that the "four immeasurables" and related pi-meditation were his unique ideas, states Harvey Aronson, in "cessation, quieting, nirvana".

The pre-Buddha Chandogya Upanishad, states Jayatilleke, in section 8.15 teaches metta and ahimsa (doctrine of non-harm, esp. non-violence) to all creatures claiming that this practice leads to sa. The shift in Vedic ideas, from rituals to virtues, is particularly discernible in the early Upanishadic thought, and it is unclear as to what extent and how early Upanishadic traditions of Hinduism and Sramanic traditions such as Buddhism and Jainism influenced each other, on ideas such as "four immeasurables", meditation, and Brahmavihara.

In the Jain text, the Tattvartha Sutra (Chapter 7, sutra 11), which is accepted by all Jain sub-traditions as authoritative, there is a mention of four right sentiments: Maitri, pramoda, karunya, and madhyastha: ::quote Benevolence towards all living beings, joy at the sight of the virtuous, compassion and sympathy for the afflicted, and tolerance towards the insolent and ill-behaved. ::

Buddhist texts

In the Pāli Canon, the term pi appears in many texts such as the Kakacupama Sutta and Karaniya Metta Sutta. Other canonical materials, such as in the Paṭisambhidāmagga, elaborate on it as a practice. Yet other canonical sources, such as the Abhidhamma, underline the key role of benevolence in the development of wholesome karma for better rebirths.

can also be found in several other canonical discourses.In addition to AN 10.176, other discourses that contain include:

Discourse for the Brahmans of Sala (Sāleyyaka Sutta, MN 41) (Ñanamoli & Khantipalo, 1993)
Discourse for the Brahmins of Verañja (Verañjaka Sutta, MN 42, which is substantially a reiteration of MN 41 in a different locale)
Sutta on the To Be Cultivated and Not to Be Cultivated (Sevitabbāsevitabba Sutta, MN 114) (Ñāṇamoli & Bodhi, 2001, p. 917)
First Discourse on Hell and Heaven (Paṭhama-niraya-sagga Sutta, AN 10.211)
Second Discourse on Hell and Heaven (Dutiya-niraya-sagga Sutta, AN 10.212)
First Discourse on Intentional Actions (Paṭhama-sañcetanika Sutta, AN 10.217)
Second Discourse on Intentional Actions (Dutiya-sañcetanika Sutta, AN 10.218)
the Paṭisambhidāmagga (see below)
the paracanonical Milinda Pañha.

''Karaniya Metta Sutta'' (Sn 1.8)

Main article: Metta Sutta

::quote

May all beings be happy and secure, may they be happy-minded. Whatever living beings there are—feeble or strong, long, stout or medium, short, small or large, seen or unseen (ghosts, gods and hell-beings), those dwelling far or near, those who are born or those who await rebirth may all beings, without exception be happy-minded. Let none deceive another nor despise any person whatever in any place; in anger or ill-will let them not wish any suffering to each other. Just as a mother would protect her only child at the risk of her own life, even so, let him cultivate a boundless heart towards all beings. Let her thoughts of boundless lovingkindness pervade the whole world: above, below and across, without obstruction, without any hatred, without any enmity. ⋮ This they say is divine abiding here. She will surely not come again to any womb (rebirth in the sense-desire realm). | Metta Sutta| Khp 8-9, Translated by Peter Harvey}}

pi or lovingkindness here, states Harvey, is a heartfelt aspiration for the happiness of all beings. It is different from "lack of ill-will", and more an antidote to fear and hatred. It is the precept to conquer anger by kindness, conquer the liar by truth, conquer the stingy by giving, and conquer evil by good, says Harvey.

''Vatthūpama Sutta''

In over a dozen discourses, the following description (in English and Pāli) is provided for radiating loving-kindness in six directions:See for instance, in the Digha Nikāya alone:

The Great Splendor Discourse (Mahāsudassana Sutta, DN 17), v. 2.4 (Walshe, 1995, p. 287)
The Great Steward Discourse (Mahāgovinda Sutta, DN 19), v. 59 (Walshe, 1995, p. 312)
The Great Lion's Roar to the Udumbarikans Discourse (Udumbarika-Sīhanāda Sutta, DN 19), v. 17 (Walshe, 1995, pp. 390-391)
The Lion's Roar on the Turning of the Wheel Discourse (Cakkavatti-Sīhanāda Sutta, DN 79), v. 28 (Walshe, 1995, p. 405).

In the canon, this basic formula is expanded upon in a variety of ways. For instance, a couple of discoursesSee, for instance

the Discourse to Subha (Subha Sutta, MN 99) (Ñāṇamoli & Bodhi, 2001, pp. 816–17)
The Threefold Knowledge Discourse (Tevijja Sutta, DN 13), vv. 76–77 (Walshe, 1995, p. 194) See also the Discourse to Dhānañjāni (Dhānañjāni Sutta, MN 97) (IAST|Ñāṇamoli & Bodhi, 2001, p. 796), in which a similar statement about union with Brahma is made by the Ven. Sariputta without the trumpeter metaphor. provide the following description of how to gain rebirth in the heavenly realm of Brahmā (pi) : :"What... is the path to the company of Brahmā? Here a bhikkhu abides pervading one quarter with a mind imbued with benevolence, likewise the second, likewise the third, likewise the fourth; so above, below, around, and everywhere, and to all as to himself, he abides pervading the all-encompassing world with a mind imbued with benevolence, abundant, exalted, immeasurable, without hostility, and without ill will. When the deliverance of mind by benevolence is developed in this way, no limiting action remains there, none persists there.

:"Just as a vigorous trumpeter could make himself (or herself) heard without difficulty in the four quarters, so too, when the deliverance of mind by benevolence is developed in this way, no limiting action remains there, none persists there. This is the path to the company of Brahmā."MN 99 (Ñāṇamoli & Bodhi, 2001, pp. 816-17). In that translation, this text was presented as one paragraph. Here, it is divided into two, thus following the Pāli text presentation, to enhance readability. Given this text's length, relatively uncomplicated translation and lesser known status (e.g., compared with the Karaniya Metta Sutta), the associated Pāli text is not represented in this main article but here: :pi

:pi The word that is repeatedly elided ("...") is pi ("student" or "young man") so that only the text that is common to all of the identified discourses is represented here. (For instance, in MN 97, instead of pi, it uses the name of the Brahmin being addressed.)

''Patisambhidamagga Mettakatha'' (Ps. 2.4)

::quote

|quote = May all beings be free from enmity, affliction and anxiety, and live contentedly. |source= Mettākathā (Ps. 2.4) In the Khuddaka Nikāyas Paṭisambhidāmagga, traditionally ascribed to Sariputta, is a section entitled Mettākathā (Ps. 2.4, "Story on Loving-Kindness").In this section of this article, the primary English-language sources are:

The Pali is primarily based on Patisambhidamagga 2, BJT pp. 64–80, see: In this instruction, a general formula (below, in English and Pāli), essentially identical to the aforementioned Cunda Kammaraputta Sutta verse (especially evident in the Pāli), is provided for radiating benevolence:

In addition, this instruction categorizes twenty-two ways in which "the mind-deliverance of benevolence" (pi) can be radiated with ; five ways of "unspecified pervasion" (pi) : all beings (pi), all breathing things (pi), all creatures (pi), all persons (pi), all with a personality (pi) ; seven ways of "specified pervasion" (pi) : all women (pi), all men (pi), all Noble Ones (pi), all non-Noble Ones (pi), all deities (pi), all humans (pi), all born in lower realms (pi), ; ten ways of "directional pervasion" (pi) : of the eastern direction (pi), of the western direction (pi), of the northern direction (pi), of the southern direction (pi), of the eastern intermediate direction (pi), of the western intermediate direction (pi), of the northern intermediate direction (pi), of the southern intermediate direction (pi), of the downward direction (pi), of the upward direction (pi).

Moreover, the directional pervasions can then be applied to each of the unspecific and specific pervasions. For instance, after radiating benevolence to all beings in the east (pi), one radiates it to all beings in the west and then north and then south, etc.; then, one radiates it to all breathing things in this fashion (pi), then all creatures, persons, and so forth until such is extended for all those born in the lower realms.

Benefits

The Pali canon says that there are a number of benefits from the practicing of pi meditation, including: :One sleeps easily, wakes easily, dreams no evil dreams. One is dear to human beings, dear to non-human beings. The devas protect one. Neither fire, poison, nor weapons can touch one. One's mind gains concentration quickly. One's complexion is bright. One dies unconfused and—if penetrating no higher—is headed for [rebirth in] the Brahma worlds.{{multiref2 |1= |2=See also AN 8.1 (similarly entitled, Mettānisaṃsa Sutta [SLTP] and Mettā Suttaṃ [CSCD]) which omits the last three of four benefits mentioned in AN 11.16 (that is, it omits "One's mind gains concentration quickly. One's complexion is bright. One dies unconfused..."). }}

The canon also upholds fully ripened pi development as a foremost antidote to ill will: :"No other thing do I know, O monks, on account of which unarisen ill will does not arise and arisen ill will is abandoned so much as on account of this: the liberation of the heart by benevolence. For one who attends properly to the liberation of the heart by benevolence, unarisen ill will does not arise and arisen ill will is abandoned."

:"Monks, whatever grounds there are for making merit productive of a future birth, all these do not equal a sixteenth part of the liberation of mind by benevolence. The liberation of mind by benevolence surpasses them and shines forth, bright and brilliant."

pi meditation is regularly recommended to the Buddha's followers in the Pali canon, which generally advises radiating pi in each of the six directions.For example:

A different set of practical instructions, still widely used today, is found in Visuddhimagga; this is also the main source for the "near and far enemies" given above. In addition, variations on this traditional practice have been popularized by modern teachers and applied in modern research settings.

{{transliteration|sa|Maitrī}} and {{transliteration|pi|mettā}}

pi is found in pre-Buddhist Vedic Sanskrit texts as sa, sa, and sa, which are derived from the ancient root sa (love). These Vedic words appear in the Samhita, Aranyaka, Brahmana, and Upanishad layers of texts in the Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda.

::quote

Speaking the truth I desire this: May I enjoy her lovingkindness as do ye, May not one of you supplant another, She hath enjoyed my lovingkindness, the all-knower. |Taittiriya Samhita 4.3.12|Yajurveda, Translated by Arthur Keith}}

Similarly, the term appears in hymn 55 of Book 19 of the Atharvaveda, and various Upanishads. A major early Upanishad of Hinduism, named Maitri Upanishad, discusses universal kindness and amity. The Maitri Upanishad, states Martin Wiltshire, provides the philosophical underpinning, by asserting, "what one thinks, that one becomes, this is the eternal mystery". This idea, adds Wiltshire, reflects the assumption in the ancient thought that one influences one's own environment and situation, causality is equitable, and "good volitional acts conduce pleasant situations, while bad volitional acts conduce unpleasant situations". The Maitri Upanishad teaches, states Juan Mascaró, that peace begins in one's own mind, in one's longing for truth, in looking within, and that "a quietness of mind overcomes good and evil works, and in quietness the soul is one: then one feels the joy of eternity."

The Isha Upanishad similarly discusses universal amity and loving-kindness, but without the term pi. These teachings of universal sa influenced Mahatma Gandhi.

In Jainism, Yogabindu – the 6th-century yoga text by Haribhadra – uses the Sanskrit word sa in verses 402–404, in the sense of loving-kindness towards all living beings.

{{transliteration|pi|Mettā}} meditation research

Some pilot research studies on the effect of pi meditation indicate an increase in positive emotions for practitioners. In particular, an immediate impact on positive emotions after practice as well as a long-term effect could be shown, though these effects might not hold true for everybody. In one proof-of-concept study, uncontrolled in sample selection and benchmarking, the researchers report therapeutic potential for psychological problems like depression or social anxiety, when combined with other reliable treatments.

Therapeutic potential

The application of pi meditation for the treatment of psychological and other healthcare-related problems is a topic of research. Hofmann et al. discuss the potential use for therapy and report insufficient data, with some promising studies so far. Those studies could show a positive impact on problems such as schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety. According to Hofmann et al., there needs to be more rigorous research, especially with the application of Buddhist approaches to loving-kindness and compassion meditation.

In an eight-week pilot study in 2005, loving-kindness meditation led to reduced pain and anger in people with chronic lower back pain. Compassion meditation, a Science Daily article states, may reduce inflammatory and behavioral responses to stress that have been linked to depression and a number of medical illnesses.

pi meditation is a central practice within mindfulness-based pain management (MBPM), the effectiveness of which has been supported by a range of studies.

Meta-analysis

A 2015 meta-analysis, synthesizing various high-quality experiments on loving-kindness meditation, found a medium-sized[quantify] improvement to daily positive emotion, with meditation on the loving-kindness aspect of mettā having a greater effect than practices with a focus on compassion. The length of time meditating did not affect the magnitude of positive impact of the practice.

Caution and reviews

S. R. Bishop, in a 2002 review, suggests caution on claims of benefits, and states, "what has been published has been rife with methodological problems. At present, we know very little about the effectiveness of this [mindfulness-lovingkindness-compassion meditation] approach; however, there is some evidence that suggests that it may hold some promise."

In a 2014 review of multiple studies, Galante et al. reach a similar conclusion, stating "results were inconclusive for some outcomes, in particular against active controls; the methodological quality of the reports was low to moderate; results suffered from imprecision due to wide CIs (confidence intervals) deriving from small studies" and that "the kindness meditation methods show evidence of individual and community benefits through its effects on their well-being and social interaction".

Notes

Sources

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Warder, A. K. (1970; reprinted 2004). Indian Buddhism. Motilal Banarsidass: Delhi. . ::data[format=table] | Mon Pali | Mon | Translate | |---|---|---| | အဟံ အဝေရော ဟောမိ။ | နူဘဲပရိုက်အန္တရာဲဂှ် ကဵုအဲဂွံတိတ်ဗၠးအာညိ။ | May I be free from enmity and danger. | | အဗျာ ပဇ္ဇော ဟောမိ။ | နူဒဒိုက်စိုတ်ဂှ် ကဵုအဲဂွံတိတ်ဗၠးအာညိ။ | May I be free from mental suffering. | | အနဳဃော ဟောမိ၊ | နူဒဒိုက်ကာယဂှ် ကဵုအဲဂွံတိတ်ဗၠးအာညိ။ | May I be free from physical suffering. | | သုခဳ အတ္တာနံ ပရိဟရောမိ။ | ဇကုအဲ ကဵုဂွံမၚ်မွဲဗွဲတသိုက်ညိ။ | May I be free from myself happily. | | မာတာပိတု ဟောန္တု၊ | မိမအဲကီု၊ | May my parents, | | အာစရိယစ၊ | အ္စာအဲကီု၊ | teacher relatives, | | ဉာတိမေတ္တာစ၊ | ကလောဒညာတ်မိဿဟာဲအဲကီု၊ | and friends, | | သရမ္ဘစရိယောစ၊ | ညးမဒ္ဂေတ်ဓဝ်မပြဲမွဲစွံကီု၊ | follow Dhamma farmers, | | အဝေရာ ဟောန္တု၊ | ကဵုအဲဂွံတိတ်ဗၠးနူဘဲပရိုက်အန္တရာဲအိုတ်ညိ။ | be free from enmity and | | အဗျာ ပဇ္ဇာ ဟောန္တု၊ | ကဵုဂွံတိတ်ဗၠးနူဒဒိုက်စိုတ်အိုတ်ညိ။ | be free from mental suffering, | | အနဳဃာ ဟောန္တု၊ | ကဵုဂွံတိတ်ဗၠးနူဒဒိုက်ကာယအိုတ်ညိ၊ | be free from physical suffering, | | သုခဳ အတ္တာနံ ပရိဟာရန္တု၊ | ဇကုညးတံကဵုညးတံ ကဵုဂွံမၚ်မွဲဗွဲတသိုက်အိုတ်ညိ၊ | may they take care of themselves happily, | | ဣမသ္မိံအာရာမေ၊ | ပ္ဍဲအရှာံဝွံ ပူဂဵုယောဂဳသီုဖ္အိုတ်ဂမၠိုၚ်၊ | May all yogis in this compound, | | အဝေရာ ဟောန္တု၊ | ကဵုအဲဂွံတိတ်ဗၠးနူဘဲပရိုက်အန္တရာဲအိုတ်ညိ၊ | be free from enmity and danger, | | အဗျာ ပဇ္ဇာ ဟောန္တု၊ | ကဵုဂွံတိတ်ဗၠးနူဒဒိုက်စိုတ်အိုတ်ညိ။ | be free from mental suffering, | | အနဳဃာ ဟောန္တု၊ | ကဵုဂွံတိတ်ဗၠးနူဒဒိုက်ကာယအိုတ်ညိ၊ | be free from physical suffering, | | သုခဳ အတ္တာနံ ပရိဟာရန္တု၊ | ဇကုညးတံကဵုညးတံ ကဵုဂွံမၚ်မွဲဗွဲတသိုက်အိုတ်ညိ၊ | may they take care of themselves happily, | | ဣမသ္မိံအာရာမေ၊ | ပ္ဍဲအရှာံဝွံ ခမဳဂမၠိုၚ်သီုဖ္အိုတ်ကီု။ | May all monks in this compound | | သမဏောရေစ၊ | ထပိုယ်ဂမၠိုၚ် သီုဖ္အိုတ်ကီု၊ | novice monks, | | ဥပါသကာ ဥပါသိကာစ၊ | ဥပ္ပးတြုံ ဗြဴဂမၠိုၚ်ကီု၊ | laymen and laywomen disciples | | အဝေရာ ဟောန္တု၊ | ကဵုအဲဂွံတိတ်ဗၠးနူဘဲပရိုက်အန္တရာဲအိုတ်ညိ၊ | be free from enmity and danger, | | အဗျာ ပဇ္ဇာ ဟောန္တု၊ | ကဵုဂွံတိတ်ဗၠးနူဒဒိုက်စိုတ်အိုတ်ညိ။ | be free from mental suffering, | ::

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