Lophius
Genus of fishes
title: "Lophius" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["lophius", "ray-finned-fish-genera", "commercial-fish", "extant-lutetian-first-appearances", "marine-fish-genera", "animal-taxa-named-by-carl-linnaeus", "lutetian-genus-first-appearances"] description: "Genus of fishes" topic_path: "general/lophius" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophius" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0
::summary Genus of fishes ::
| name = Monkfish | fossil_range = Lutetian to present{{cite journal |last=Sepkoski |first=Jack |title=A compendium of fossil marine animal genera |journal=Bulletins of American Paleontology |volume=364 |pages=560 |date=2002 |url=http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class |access-date=2008-01-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220223520/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class |archive-date=2009-02-20 | image = Monkfish.jpg | taxon = Lophius | display_parents=3 | authority = Linnaeus, 1758 | type_species = Lophius piscatorius | type_species_authority = Linnaeus, 1758 | synonyms = {{Genus list | Discolophius | Fowler, 1943 | Lophidius | Rafinesque, 1815 | Lophiopsis | Guichenot, 1867 | synonyms_ref = | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See text
Members of the genus Lophius, also sometimes called monkfish, fishing-frogs, frog-fish, and sea-devils, are various species of lophiid anglerfishes found in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Lophius is known as the "monk" or "monkfish" to the North Sea and North Atlantic fishermen, a name which also belongs to Squatina squatina, the angelshark, a type of shark. The North European species is Lophius piscatorius, and the Mediterranean species is Lophius budegassa.
Taxonomy
Lophius was first proposed as a genus by Carl Linnaeus when he described Lophius piscatorius in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae given as "in Oceano Europæo", meaning the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean and Black Seas with localities mentioned including Bordeaux, Marseille and Montpellier in France; Genoa, Rome, Naples and Venice in Italy; Lesbos in Greece; and Syria. The genus Lophius is one of 4 extant genera in the family Lophiidae which the 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies in the monotypic suborder Lophioidei within the order Lophiiformes. Within the Lophiidae Lophius is most closely related to Lophiomus with *Lophiodes''' being the sister taxon to these and with *Sladenia'' as the most basal sister group to the other three genera.
Etymology
Lophius means "mane" and is presumably a reference to the first three spines of the first dorsal fin which are tentacle like, with three smaller spines behind them.
Species
The seven recognized extant species in this genus are: ::data[format=table]
| Image | Scientific name | Common name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| [[File:Lophius americanus museum of nature.jpg | 150px]] | Lophius americanus Valenciennes, 1837 | American angler |
| [[File:Lophius budegassa.jpg | 150px]] | Lophius budegassa Spinola, 1807 | blackbellied angler |
| Lophius gastrophysus A. Miranda-Ribeiro, 1915 | blackfin goosefish | coasts of northern South America, Central America, Aruba, Cuba, and Costa Rica | |
| [[File:Lophius litulon 0.jpg | frameless | 151x151px]] | Lophius litulon D. S. Jordan, 1902 |
| [[File:Angler fish.jpg | 150px]] | Lophius piscatorius Linnaeus, 1758 | angler, European angler or common monkfish |
| Lophius vaillanti Regan, 1903 | shortspine African angler | Eastern Atlantic | |
| Lophius vomerinus Valenciennes, 1837 | devil anglerfish | Durban, South Africa, as well as northern Namibia, where it is found in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans | |
| :: |
Description
Lophius monkfishes are characterised by having highly compressed heads and bodies. The frontal ridges have a covering of low, blunt knobs or cross ridges. There is a large spine on the parietal bone and there are spines on the lower quadrate bone. The soft-rayed portion of the dorsal fin has between 9 and 12 rays and the anal fin has between 8 and 10 rays. The gill opening reaches below and to the rear of the base of the pectoral fin. There are 6 dorsal spines, those on the head are well developed but those behind the head are very small. There are two well-developed spines on the sphenotic bone and one on the epiotic bone. There is a single spine on the joint at the front of the jaw joint and a single interopercular spine. The humeral spine is also well-developed and has 2 or 3 smaller spines on it. The largest species in the genus is the angler (L. piscatorius), with a maximum published standard length of 200 cm, while the smallest is the blackfin goosefish (L. gastrophysus) with a maximum published total length of 67 cm.
Reproduction
The spawn of this genus consists of a thin sheet of transparent gelatinous material 60 - wide and 8 - in length. The eggs in this sheet are in a single layer, each in its own little cavity. The spawn is free in the sea. The larvae are free-swimming and have pelvic fins with elongated filaments.
Habitat
The East Atlantic species is found along the coasts of Europe but becomes scarce beyond 60°N latitude; it also occurs on the coasts of the Cape of Good Hope. The species caught on the North American side of the Atlantic is usually Lophius americanus. A third species (Lophius budegassa), inhabits the Mediterranean, and a fourth (L. setigerus) the coasts of Korea, China and Japan.
The black (L. budegassa) and white (L. piscatorius) anglerfish both live in deep, inshore waters from 800 m to deeper waters (greater than 1000 m). These two species are very similar, with only a few distinctions between them. These include the colour of the peritoneum (black for L. budegassa and white for L. piscatorius) and the number of rays in the second dorsal fin (L. budegassa, 9–10 and L. piscatorius, 11–12). Also, minor differences in their distribution occur. Black anglerfish tend to have a more southern distribution (Mediterranean and eastern North Atlantic from the British Isles to Senegal). In contrast, the white anglerfish are distributed further north (Mediterranean, Black Sea and eastern North Atlantic from the Barents Sea to the Strait of Gibraltar). Despite these differences, the overall distribution of the black and white anglerfish tend to overlap greatly. A map of the distribution of anglerfish in the waters surrounding Europe and North Africa can be found in the external links section. The movements of both species of anglerfish indicate mixing of both northern and southern species could have strong implications for the geographical boundaries of the stocks from a management perspective.
Commercial use
::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Ankimo2.jpg" caption="''[[Ankimo]]'', a Japanese delicacy made of monkfish liver"] ::
Two species, Lophius piscatorius and Lophius budegassa, found in north-western Europe are referred to as monkfish, with L. piscatorius by far the most common species around the British Isles and of major fishery interest. Under UK Labelling Regulations, the phrase "monkfish" is only permitted for Lophiodes caulinaris, Lophius americanus, Lophius budegassa and Lophius piscatorius.
Both species of Lophius are important because they are commercially valuable species usually caught by trawl and gillnetting fleets.
Concern is expressed over the sustainability of monkfish fishing. The method most commonly used to catch monkfish, beam trawling, has been described as damaging to seafloor habitats. In February 2007, the British supermarket chain Asda banned monkfish from their stores.
References
References
- {{Cof family
- {{Cof genus
- (2016). "Fishes of the World". [[John Wiley & Sons]].
- (2010). "Evolutionary history of anglerfishes (Teleostei: Lophiiformes): a mitogenomic perspective". BMC Evolutionary Biology.
- Christopher Scharpf. (14 November 2022). "Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 1): Families LOPHIIDAE, ANTENNARIIDAE, TETRABRACHIIDAE, LOPHICHTHYIDAE, BRACHIONICHTHYIDAE, CHAUNACIDAE and OGCOCEPHALIDAE". Christopher Scharpf.
- {{FishBase genus. (2012)
- Theodore W Pietsch. (2022). "Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean". South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity.
- {{FishBase genus. (2024)
- (2008). "Movements of black and white anglerfish (''Lophius budegassa'' and ''L. piscatorius'') in the northeast Atlantic". Fisheries Research.
- (2001). "Reproduction of anglerfish (''Lophius budegassa'' Spinola and ''Lophius piscatorius'' Linnaeus) from the Atlantic Iberian coast". Fisheries Research.
- "The Fish Labelling (England) Regulations 2010 No. 420".
- Stevens, Melissa M.. (2010). "Seafood Watch: Monkfish Report". [[Monterey Bay Aquarium]].
- (2007-02-01). "Monkfish taken off menu at Asda". [[BBC News Online]].
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