Linked data

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Structured data and method for its publication

title: "Linked data" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["computer-related-introductions-in-2007", "cloud-standards", "data-management", "distributed-computing-architecture", "hypermedia", "internet-terminology", "open-data", "semantic-web"] description: "Structured data and method for its publication" topic_path: "arts" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_data" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Structured data and method for its publication ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Wikidata_in_the_Linked_Open_Data_cloud_2020-08-20.svg" caption="Wikidata in the Linked Open Data Cloud, as at August 2020. Databases indicated as circles (with wikidata indicated as ‘WD’), with grey lines linking databases in the network if their data is aligned. Generated from https://lod-cloud.net/datasets ." alt="A network of over a thousand circles clustered into groups and linked with lines into a web."] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Screenshot_from_2021-05-17_12-26-27.png" caption="DBpedia as the most interlinked LOD dataset and crystallization point of the Linked Open Data Cloud since 2008. Image from 2021, generated from https://lod-cloud.net." alt="DBpedia as the most interlinked LOD dataset and crystallization point of the Linked Open Data Cloud since 2008"] ::

In computing, linked data is structured data which is associated with ("linked" to) other data. Interlinking makes the data more useful through semantic queries. Tim Berners-Lee, director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), coined the term in a 2006 design note about the Semantic Web project. Part of the vision of linked data is for the Internet to become a global database.

Linked data builds upon standard Web technologies such as HTTP, RDF and URIs, but rather than using them to serve web pages and hyperlinks only for human readers, it extends them to share information in a way that can be read automatically by computers (machine readable). Linked data may also be open data, in which case it is usually described as Linked Open Data.

Principles

In his 2006 "Linked Data" note, Tim Berners-Lee outlined four principles of linked data, paraphrased along the following lines:

  1. Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) should be used to name and identify individual things.
  2. HTTP URIs should be used to allow these things to be looked up, interpreted, and subsequently "dereferenced".
  3. Useful information about what a name identifies should be provided through open standards such as RDF, SPARQL, etc.
  4. When publishing data on the Web, other things should be referred to using their HTTP URI-based names.

Tim Berners-Lee later restated these principles at a 2009 TED conference, again paraphrased along the following lines:

  1. All conceptual things should have a name starting with HTTP.
  2. Looking up an HTTP name should return useful data about the thing in question in a standard format.
  3. Anything else that that same thing has a relationship with through its data should also be given a name beginning with HTTP.

Components

Thus, we can identify the following components as essential to a global Linked Data system as envisioned, and to any actual Linked Data subset within it:

Linked open data

Linked open data are linked data that are open data. Tim Berners-Lee gives the clearest definition of linked open data as differentiated from linked data. ::quote

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text=Linked Open Data (LOD) is Linked Data which is released under an open license, which does not impede its reuse for free. |author=Tim Berners-Lee |title=Linked Data

Large linked open data sets include DBpedia, Wikibase, Wikidata and .

5-star linked open data

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/5-star_deployment_scheme_for_Open_Data.png" caption="language=en}}"] ::

In 2010, Tim Berners-Lee suggested a 5-star scheme for grading the quality of open data on the web, for which the highest ranking is Linked Open Data:

  • 1 star: data is openly available in some format.
  • 2 stars: data is available in a structured format, such as Microsoft Excel file format (.xls).
  • 3 stars: data is available in a non-proprietary structured format, such as Comma-separated values (.csv).
  • 4 stars: data follows W3C standards, like using RDF and employing URIs.
  • 5 stars: all of the others, plus links to other Linked Open Data sources.

History

The term "linked open data" has been in use since at least February 2007, when the "Linking Open Data" mailing list was created. The mailing list was initially hosted by the SIMILE project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Linking Open Data community project

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/LOD_Cloud_2014-08.svg" caption="The above diagram shows which Linking Open Data datasets are connected, as of August 2014. This was produced by the Linked Open Data Cloud project, which was started in 2007. Some sets may include copyrighted data which is freely available.Linking open data cloud diagram 2014, by Max Schmachtenberg, Christian Bizer, Anja Jentzsch and Richard Cyganiak. https://lod-cloud.net/"] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/LOD_Cloud_-_2017-02-20.png" caption="The same diagram as above, but for February 2017, showing the growth in just two and a half years"] ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/LOD_Cloud_-_2024-12-31.png" caption="The LOD cloud in December 2024"] ::

The goal of the W3C Semantic Web Education and Outreach group's Linking Open Data community project is to extend the Web with a data commons by publishing various open datasets as RDF on the Web and by setting RDF links between data items from different data sources. In October 2007, datasets consisted of over two billion RDF triples, which were interlinked by over two million RDF links. By September 2011 this had grown to 31 billion RDF triples, interlinked by around 504 million RDF links. A detailed statistical breakdown was published in 2014.

European Union projects

There are a number of European Union projects involving linked data. These include the linked open data around the clock (LATC) project, the AKN4EU project for machine-readable legislative data, the PlanetData project, the DaPaaS (Data-and-Platform-as-a-Service) project, and the Linked Open Data 2 (LOD2) project. Data linking is one of the main goals of the EU Open Data Portal, which makes available thousands of datasets for anyone to reuse and link.

Ontologies

Ontologies are formal descriptions of data structures. Some of the better known ontologies are:

  • FOAF – an ontology describing persons, their properties and relationships
  • UMBEL – a lightweight reference structure of subject concept classes and their relationships derived from OpenCyc, which can act as binding classes to external data; also has links to 1.5 million named entities from DBpedia and YAGO

Datasets

  • DBpedia – a dataset containing extracted data from Wikipedia; it contains about 3.4 million concepts described by 1 billion triples, including abstracts in 11 different languages
  • GeoNames – provides RDF descriptions of more than geographical features worldwide
  • Wikidata – a collaboratively-created linked dataset that acts as central storage for the structured data of its Wikimedia Foundation sibling projects
  • Global Research Identifier Database (GRID) – an international database of institutions engaged in academic research, with relationships. GRID models two types of relationships: a parent-child relationship that defines a subordinate association, and a related relationship that describes other associations
  • KnowWhereGraph – an integrated 12 billion triples strong knowledge graph of 30 data layers at the intersection between humans and their environment using Semantic Web and Linked Data technologies.

Dataset instance and class relationships

Clickable diagrams that show the individual datasets and their relationships within the DBpedia-spawned LOD cloud (as by the figures to the right) are available.

References

References

  1. Tim Berners-Lee. (2006-07-27). "Linked Data". [[W3C]].
  2. "Tim Berners-Lee on the next Web".
  3. "CSV on the Web Working Group Wiki".
  4. "Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) - Linked Data - Connect Distributed Data across the Web".
  5. "COAR » 7 things you should know about…Linked Data".
  6. "Linked Data Basics for Techies".
  7. "5 Star Open Data".
  8. "5-star Open Data".
  9. (17 January 2014). "What is 5 Star Linked Data? {{!}} Webize Everything Community Group".
  10. "public-lod@w3.org Mail Archives".
  11. "SweoIG/TaskForces/CommunityProjects/LinkingOpenData/NewsArchive".
  12. "SIMILE Project - Mailing Lists".
  13. Linking open data cloud diagram 2014, by Max Schmachtenberg, Christian Bizer, Anja Jentzsch and Richard Cyganiak. https://lod-cloud.net/
  14. "SweoIG/TaskForces/CommunityProjects/LinkingOpenData - W3C Wiki".
  15. (2011). "Semantic Web Services". Springer.
  16. Max. "State of the LOD Cloud".
  17. "Linked open data around the clock (LATC)".
  18. (2022). "Model-Driven Development of AKN Application Profiles: Background and Requirements". Springer International Publishing.
  19. "Welcome to PlanetData! - PlanetData".
  20. "DaPaaS".
  21. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180929075540/http://lod2.eu/ Linking Open Data 2 (LOD2)]
  22. (2010-04-20). "CORDIS FP7 ICT Projects – LOD2". European Commission.
  23. (2010-09-01). "LOD2 Project Fact Sheet – Project Summary".
  24. "GRID Statistics".
  25. "GRID Policies".
  26. "KnowWhereGraph".
  27. (2022). "Know, Know Where, Knowwheregraph: A Densely Connected, Cross-Domain Knowledge Graph and Geo-Enrichment Service Stack for Applications in Environmental Intelligence". AI Magazine.
  28. "Instance relationships amongst datasets".
  29. "Class relationships amongst datasets".

::callout[type=info title="Wikipedia Source"] This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page. ::

computer-related-introductions-in-2007cloud-standardsdata-managementdistributed-computing-architecturehypermediainternet-terminologyopen-datasemantic-web