Latent variable model

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title: "Latent variable model" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["latent-variable-models"] description: "Statistical model relating manifest and latent variables" topic_path: "general/latent-variable-models" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_variable_model" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Statistical model relating manifest and latent variables ::

A latent variable model is a statistical model that relates a set of observable variables (also called manifest variables or indicators) to a set of latent variables. Latent variable models are applied across a wide range of fields such as biology, computer science, and social science. Common use cases for latent variable models include applications in psychometrics (e.g., summarizing responses to a set of survey questions with a factor analysis model positing a smaller number of psychological attributes, such as the trait extraversion, that are presumed to cause the survey question responses), and natural language processing (e.g., a topic model summarizing a corpus of texts with a number of "topics").

It is assumed that the responses on the indicators or manifest variables are the result of an individual's position on the latent variable(s), and that the manifest variables have nothing in common after controlling for the latent variable (local independence).

Different types of latent variable models can be grouped according to whether the manifest and latent variables are categorical or continuous:

::data[format=table]

Manifest variables	Latent variables	Continuous	Categorical	Continuous	Categorical
Factor analysis	Item response theory
Latent profile analysis	Latent class analysis
::

The Rasch model represents the simplest form of item response theory. Mixture models are central to latent profile analysis.

In factor analysis and latent trait analysis the latent variables are treated as continuous normally distributed variables, and in latent profile analysis and latent class analysis as from a multinomial distribution. The manifest variables in factor analysis and latent profile analysis are continuous and in most cases, their conditional distribution given the latent variables is assumed to be normal. In latent trait analysis and latent class analysis, the manifest variables are discrete. These variables could be dichotomous, ordinal or nominal variables. Their conditional distributions are assumed to be binomial or multinomial.

Notes

References

References

1. "Latent Variable Models".
2. Blei, David M.. (2014-01-03). "Build, Compute, Critique, Repeat: Data Analysis with Latent Variable Models". Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application.
3. (April 2003). "The theoretical status of latent variables.". Psychological Review.
4. (2003). "Latent dirichlet allocation". J. Mach. Learn. Res..
5. (2002). "The Analysis and Interpretation of Multivariate Data for Social Scientists". Chapman & Hall/CRC.
6. Uebersax, John. "Latent Trait Analysis and Item Response Theory (IRT) Models".
7. Everitt, BS. (1984). "An Introduction to Latent Variables Models". Chapman & Hall.

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