Laosaurus

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title: "Laosaurus" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["neornithischia", "dinosaur-genera", "kimmeridgian-dinosaurs", "morrison-formation", "taxa-named-by-othniel-charles-marsh", "fossil-taxa-described-in-1878", "dinosaurs-of-the-united-states"] description: "Extinct genus of dinosaurs" topic_path: "geography/united-states" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laosaurus" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Extinct genus of dinosaurs ::

| fossil_range = Kimmeridgian, | image = Laosaurus celer pubis.png | image_caption = Pubis of Laosaurus (unknown species; possibly L. celer) in 1896 | taxon = Laosaurus | authority = Marsh, 1878 | type_species = Laosaurus celer | type_species_authority = Marsh, 1878 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = * †L. celer Marsh, 1878 (type) (nomen dubium)

• †L. gracilis Marsh, 1878 (nomen dubium)
• †L. minimus Gilmore, 1924 (nomen dubium)

Laosaurus (meaning "stone or fossil lizard") is a genus of neornithischian dinosaur. The type species, Laosaurus celer, was first described by O.C. Marsh in 1878 from remains discovered in the Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) Morrison Formation of Wyoming. The validity of this genus is doubtful because it is based on fragmentary fossils. A second species also from the Morrison Formation, L. gracilis, and a species from the Upper Cretaceous Allison Formation of Alberta, Canada, L. minimus, are also considered dubious.

History and taxonomy

Marsh (1878a) named his new genus from vertebrae (YPM 1874) found by Samuel Wendell Williston at Como Bluff, Wyoming, from rocks of the Morrison Formation. The type material includes nine partial and two complete tail vertebral centra, which he concluded came from a "fox-sized" animal. In the same year, he named two other species: L. gracilis, originally based on a back vertebral centrum, a tail vertebral centrum, and part of an ulna; and L. altus, originally based on a pelvis, hindlimb, and tooth (YPM 1876). A review by Peter Galton in 1983 found the type of L. gracilis to consist of thirteen back and eight tail centra, and portions of both hindlimbs. Charles Gilmore had assigned additional remains, including a partial skeleton (CM 11340), to L. gracilis based on size, but Galton transferred the remains to other taxa, assigning the skeleton to Dryosaurus. Marsh returned to the genus in 1894, when additional remains convinced him that L. altus deserved its own genus (Dryosaurus), and that there was another species present: L. consors, based on YPM 1882, a partial skeleton also from Como Bluff. In 1895, he coined the family Laosauridae for his genus, but this was eventually considered synonymous with Hypsilophodontidae. ::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Marsh_laosaurus.jpg" caption="[[Othniel Charles Marsh]]'s 1896 skeletal restoration of "''Laosaurus''" ''consors'' (now ''[[Nanosaurus]]'')."] ::

Charles Gilmore in 1909 assigned a juvenile femur (USNM 5808) to L. gracilis, and in 1925 added partial skeleton CM 11340 to L. gracilis, based on size, but Galton transferred the femur to Othnielia (now Nanosaurus) and the skeleton to Dryosaurus in 1983. Gilmore also described the fifth and final species, L. minimus (species name for its small size), based on NMC 9438, a partial left hindlimb and vertebral bits from the Late Cretaceous (late Campanian) Allison Formation of Alberta, Canada. At the time, though, the discovery locality was thought to be in the Early Cretaceous Blairmore Group, but fieldwork at the L. minimus type locality in the early 1930s showed it to be within the Belly River Group, and Loris Russell published a paper in 1949 recognizing this new geologic information, while finding it generically distinct from Laosaurus proper. Russell found this taxon to be most like Hypsilophodon, from the Early Cretaceous Wessex Formation of southern England.

The next major publications which mentioned Laosaurus prominently were by Galton. In 1977, he assigned L. consors and L. gracilis to his new taxon Othnielia rex; and in 1983 he redescribed most of the material and reassigned some of it, as described above. L. celer was assessed as dubious by Galton, a status it has kept through the last major reviews.

Two further developments have occurred. First, L. minimus is seen as a possible second species or specimen of Orodromeus (Sues and Norman, 1990), although the remains are too meager to be certain.

Taxonomic summary

• L. celer (type species) = dubious ornithischian
• L. altus = Dryosaurus altus
• L. consors = Othnielosaurus consors, now considered a junior synonym of Nanosaurus agilis
• L. gracilis = dubious ornithishian
• L. minimus = dubious ornithischian, possibly orodromine

References

References

1. Marsh, Othniel Charles. (1878). "Notice of new dinosaurian reptiles". American Journal of Science and Arts.
2. White, T.E.. (1973). "Catalogue of the genera of dinosaurs". Annals of Carnegie Museum.
3. Marsh, Othniel Charles. (1878). "Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part I". American Journal of Science and Arts.
4. Galton, Peter M.. (1983). "The cranial anatomy of ''Dryosaurus'', a hypsilophodontid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of North America and East Africa, with a review of hypsilophodontids from the Upper Jurassic of North America". Geologica et Palaeontologica.
5. Gilmore, Charles W.. (1909). "A new rhynchocephalian reptile from the Jurassic of Wyoming, with notes on the fauna of "Quarry 9"". Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum.
6. Gilmore, Charles W.. (1925). "Osteology of ornithopodous dinosaurs from the Dinosaur National Monument, Utah". Memoir of the Carnegie Museum.
7. Marsh, Othniel Charles. (1894). "The typical Ornithopoda of the American Jurassic". American Journal of Science.
8. Marsh, Othniel Charles. (1895). "On the affinities and classification of the dinosaurian reptiles". American Journal of Science.
9. Gilmore, Charles W.. (1924). "A new species of ''Laosaurus'', an ornithischian dinosaur from the Cretaceous of Alberta". Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Section 4.
10. Russell, Loris S.. (1949). "The relationships of the Alberta Cretaceous dinosaur "Laosaurus" ''minimus'' Gilmore". Journal of Paleontology.
11. Galton, Peter M.. (1977). "The ornithopod dinosaur ''Dryosaurus'' and a Laurasia-Gondwanaland connection in the Upper Jurassic". Nature.
12. Varricchio, D.J.. (1997). "Nest and egg clutches of the dinosaur ''Troodon formosus'' and the evolution of the avian reproductive system". Nature.
13. Sues, Hans-Dieter. (1990). "The Dinosauria". University of California Press.
14. Norman, David B.. (2004). "The Dinosauria". University of California Press.
15. Galton, Peter M.. (2007). "Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs". Indiana University Press.

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