Kurnool

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title: "Kurnool" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["kurnool", "cities-in-andhra-pradesh", "former-capital-cities-in-india", "district-headquarters-of-andhra-pradesh"] topic_path: "geography" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurnool" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::data[format=table title="Infobox settlement"]

FieldValue
nameKurnool
settlement_typeCity
other_nameKandanavōlu (Kandanōlu)
image_skyline{{multiple image
borderinfobox
total_width280
perrow1/2/2
image1Skyline of Kurnool from Penna River Bridge.jpg Skyline of Kurnool
image223 - Telugu Talli Statue with Kondareddy Buruju as background.JPG Kondareddy Buruju
image3Pumphouse road in Kurnool.jpg Pumphouse road
image4View of Kurnool City from Abhayanjaneya Swamy Idol - Jagannatha Gattu - Kurnool City 2.jpg Kurnool City from Jagannatha Gattu
image5Kurnool Railway station board.jpg Kurnool Railway station }}
image_alt
image_captionClockwise from top: Skyline of Kurnool from Tungabhadra River Bridge, Pumphouse road in Kurnool, Kurnool Railway station, Kurnool City from Jagannatha Gattu and Kondareddy Buruju
nicknameThe Gateway of Rayalaseema
pushpin_mapIndia Andhra Pradesh #India
pushpin_label_positionright
pushpin_map_captionLocation in Andhra Pradesh and in India
coordinates
subdivision_typeCountry
subdivision_name
subdivision_type1State
subdivision_name1Andhra Pradesh
subdivision_type2Region
subdivision_name2Rayalaseema
subdivision_type3District
subdivision_name3Kurnool
established_title
government_typeMunicipal corporation
governing_bodyKurnool Municipal Corporation
leader_partyYSRCP
leader_titleMayor
leader_nameB Y Ramaiah
leader_title2MP
leader_name2Bastipati Nagaraju Panchalingala
leader_title1MLA
leader_name1T. G. Bharath
unit_prefMetric
area_footnotes
area_total_km2129.2
area_rank107
elevation_m274
population_total425,214
population_as_of2011
population_footnotes
population_density_km2auto
population_demonymKurnoolian
population_metro_footnotes
population_rank109th (India)
5th (Andhra Pradesh)
demographics_type1Languages
demographics1_title1Official
timezone1IST
utc_offset1+5:30
postal_code_typePIN
postal_code518001, 518002, 518003, 518004, 518005, 518006, 518007
registration_plateAP-21
website
demographics1_info1Telugu
demographics1_info2Urdu
mapframeyes
mapframe-zoom12
map_captionInteractive map
::

| name = Kurnool | settlement_type = City | other_name = Kandanavōlu (Kandanōlu) | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 280 | image_style = | perrow = 1/2/2 | image1 = Skyline of Kurnool from Penna River Bridge.jpg Skyline of Kurnool | image2 = 23 - Telugu Talli Statue with Kondareddy Buruju as background.JPG Kondareddy Buruju | image3 = Pumphouse road in Kurnool.jpg Pumphouse road | image4 = View of Kurnool City from Abhayanjaneya Swamy Idol - Jagannatha Gattu - Kurnool City 2.jpg Kurnool City from Jagannatha Gattu | image5 = Kurnool Railway station board.jpg Kurnool Railway station }} | image_alt = | image_caption = Clockwise from top: Skyline of Kurnool from Tungabhadra River Bridge, Pumphouse road in Kurnool, Kurnool Railway station, Kurnool City from Jagannatha Gattu and Kondareddy Buruju | nickname = The Gateway of Rayalaseema | pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh #India | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh and in India | coordinates = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Andhra Pradesh | subdivision_type2 = Region | subdivision_name2 = Rayalaseema | subdivision_type3 = District | subdivision_name3 = Kurnool | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = Municipal corporation | governing_body = Kurnool Municipal Corporation | leader_party = YSRCP | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = B Y Ramaiah | leader_title2 = MP | leader_name2 = Bastipati Nagaraju Panchalingala | leader_title1 = MLA | leader_name1 = T. G. Bharath | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 129.2 | area_rank = 107 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 274 | population_total = 425,214 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_footnotes = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_metro = | population_demonym = Kurnoolian | population_metro_footnotes = | population_rank = 109th (India) 5th (Andhra Pradesh) | demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | demographics2_title1 = | timezone1 = IST | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = PIN | postal_code = 518001, 518002, 518003, 518004, 518005, 518006, 518007 | registration_plate = AP-21 | website = | footnotes = | demographics1_info1 = Telugu | demographics1_info2 = Urdu | official_name = | native_name = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 12 | map_caption = Interactive map

Kurnool is a city in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. It formerly served as the capital of Andhra State (1953–1956). The city is often referred to as "The Gateway of Rayalaseema". Kurnool is also famous for Diamond hunting as diamonds can be found in the barren land of Kurnool after the top layers of soil are washed away by the monsoon rains. It also serves as the district headquarters of its Kurnool district. census, it is the fifth most populous city in the state with a population of 425,214. It is located on the banks of the Tungabhadra river. Although the area has been inhabited for thousands of years, modern Kurnool was founded in the 16th century CE with the construction of the Konda Reddy Fort.

Etymology

The original name of Kurnool is found in historical records as Kandanavōlu or Kandanōlu. It used to be a crossing on the Tungabhadra River, where the bullock cart caravans are believed to have greased their wheels ("kandana" being a reference to grease). The city is often referred to as "The Gateway of Rayalaseema".

History

Palaeolithic era

The Ketavaram rock paintings from the Palaeolithic era and are 18 kilometres from Kurnool. Also the Jurreru Valley, Katavani Kunta and Yaganti in Kurnool District have some important rock art and paintings in the vicinity that may be dated from 35,000 to 40,000 years ago.

Ashoka's rock edicts were inscribed in the 3rd century BCE. The inscription is in Prakrit language and Brahmi script. Both the major and minor edits are found at Erragudi (also called the Yerragudi or Jonnagiri site). These are among the oldest discovered inscriptions in India. The site is close to the Andhra-Karnataka border, in Kurnool district. It is an ASI protected site under Indian law.

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Jonnagiri_Erragudi_Yerragudi_Asoka_Inscription_site,Andhra_Pradesh_India-_2.jpg" caption="ASI board Kurnool"] ::

Belum Caves are geologically and historically important caves in the district. There are indications that Jain and Buddhist monks were occupying these caves centuries ago. Many Buddhists relics were found inside the caves. These relics are now housed in the Museum at Ananthapur. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) found remnants of vessels and other artifacts of the pre-Buddhist era and has dated the remnants of vessels found in the caves to 4500 BC.

Vijayanagara era

Kurnool town was Ruled by Chalukyas of Badami and Rashtrakutas before the 11th century. The earliest knowledge of this settlement dates from the 11th century. It has developed as a transit place on the southern banks of the river Tungabhadra.

Ruled by the Chalukya in the 12th century and later taken over by the Kakatiya dynasty in the 13th century, Kurnool developed into a transit point on the southern banks of the Tungabhadra River. It eventually fell under the rule of a jaghirdar before becoming a part of the Vijayanagar dynasty. King Achyuta Raya, successor of Sri Krishnadeva Raya constructed the Kurnool Fort during the 16th century.

Nawabs

The Abyssinian, Abdul Wahab Khan, defeated King Gopal Raja of the Vijayanagar Kingdom in the 17th century and went on to rule the land for 16 years until his death.

In 1686, Kurnool fell under the influence of the Mughals who were ruled by Emperor Aurangzeb. Later on in Kurnool's history, it was ruled by the Nawabs until the British Government took over in 1839.

British Rule

Main article: Kurnool State

Ghulam Rasul Khan Bahadur (died on 12 July 1840) was the last Nawab of Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh. He ruled from 1823 to 1839 until the kingdom was defeated by the East India Company. On 12 October 1839, a war broke out between the British Indian Army and the kingdom and continued for six days until the king was detained on 18 October. He was subsequently sent to Tiruchirappalli Central Prison where he died on 12 July 1840.

After independence

Kurnool was the capital of erstwhile Andhra State between 1 October 1953 and 31 October 1956. The state was later merged with the Telugu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State to form Andhra Pradesh with Hyderabad as the state's capital on 1 November 1956. Currently Kurnool is in the divided Andhra Pradesh state.

Geography

Kurnool is located at . It has an average elevation of 273 metres (898 feet). Kurnool lies on the banks of the Tungabhadra River. The Hundri and Neeva rivers also flow through the city. The K.C.Canal (Kurnool–Cuddapah) was built by the Dutch for transportation, but later used for irrigation.

Cityscape

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/21_-_Front_View_of_Kondareddy_Buruju.JPG" caption="Front View of Kondareddy Buruju." alt=""] ::

Landmarks in and around the city include Konda Reddy Fort Formerly called Kondareddy Burj is the historical monument and major tourist attraction of Kurnool located at the northeast part of the city. Orvakal rock Garderns is the sculpture garden with an ancient cave lying on the southeast of the city. Jagannatha Gattu Temple is a popular tourist site of Kurnool. It is famous for its Lord Shiva Temple and is located in B. Thandrapadu, in Kurnool. The history behind the Linga makes it a popular destination.

Climate

Kurnool has a tropical savanna climate bordering on hot semi arid climate (Köppen BSh) with temperatures ranging from 26 C to 45 C in the summer and 12 C to 31 C in the winter. The average annual rainfall is about 840 mm.Kurnool city gets good share of rains from pre-monsoon to monsoon seasons. City locations is influenced by the orography effect of Nallamala hills on east. August and September are the rainiest months and February is the driest month. The highest amount of rainfall recorded in 24 hours is 386mm in the month of June 1989 and marking the rainiest month of all time with 527mm.

| location = Kurnool (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020) | metric first = Yes | single line = Yes | Jan record high C = 37.3 | Feb record high C = 39.9 | Mar record high C = 43.3 | Apr record high C = 45.6 | May record high C = 45.9 | Jun record high C = 45.6 | Jul record high C = 39.9 | Aug record high C = 39.3 | Sep record high C = 38.7 | Oct record high C = 38.4 | Nov record high C = 36.8 | Dec record high C = 35.5 | year record high C = 45.9 | Jan high C = 32.5 | Feb high C = 34.9 | Mar high C = 38.1 | Apr high C = 40.5 | May high C = 39.8 | Jun high C = 35.8 | Jul high C = 33.7 | Aug high C = 32.8 | Sep high C = 32.8 | Oct high C = 32.8 | Nov high C = 31.5 | Dec high C = 30.5 | year high C = 34.7 |Jan mean C = 24.8 |Feb mean C = 27.4 |Mar mean C = 31.0 |Apr mean C = 34.0 |May mean C = 33.6 |Jun mean C = 30.6 |Jul mean C = 28.6 |Aug mean C = 28.2 |Sep mean C = 28.0 |Oct mean C = 27.6 |Nov mean C = 26.1 |Dec mean C = 24.2 | Jan low C = 17.2 | Feb low C = 19.8 | Mar low C = 24.0 | Apr low C = 27.2 | May low C = 26.9 | Jun low C = 25.6 | Jul low C = 24.5 | Aug low C = 24.0 | Sep low C = 23.9 | Oct low C = 22.9 | Nov low C = 20.0 | Dec low C = 17.9 | year low C = 22.9 | Jan record low C = 4.9 | Feb record low C = 9.8 | Mar record low C = 12.8 | Apr record low C = 15.5 | May record low C = 19.4 | Jun record low C = 17.6 | Jul record low C = 19.2 | Aug record low C = 19.9 | Sep record low C = 17.0 | Oct record low C = 12.8 | Nov record low C = 9.3 | Dec record low C = 6.7 | year record low C = 4.9 | rain colour = green | Jan rain mm = 4.7 | Feb rain mm = 2.5 | Mar rain mm = 9.8 | Apr rain mm = 31.2 | May rain mm = 62.0 | Jun rain mm = 99.6 | Jul rain mm = 131.9 | Aug rain mm = 162.4 | Sep rain mm = 161.0 | Oct rain mm = 140.7 | Nov rain mm = 41.1 | Dec rain mm = 3.9 | year rain mm = 849.8 | Jan rain days = 0.3 | Feb rain days = 0.2 | Mar rain days = 0.7 | Apr rain days = 1.8 | May rain days = 3.0 | Jun rain days = 5.4 | Jul rain days = 8.0 | Aug rain days = 8.8 | Sep rain days = 7.7 | Oct rain days = 5.1 | Nov rain days = 2.0 | Dec rain days = 0.3 | year rain days = 43.9 |time day = 17:30 IST | Jan humidity = 41 | Feb humidity = 29 | Mar humidity = 30 | Apr humidity = 32 | May humidity = 39 | Jun humidity = 50 | Jul humidity = 60 | Aug humidity = 64 | Sep humidity = 63 | Oct humidity = 58 | Nov humidity = 52 | Dec humidity = 46 |year humidity = 49 |source 1 = India Meteorological Department{{cite web | url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf | title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020 | publisher = India Meteorological Department | access-date = April 8, 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf | archive-date = 5 February 2020 | url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf | title = Station: Kurnool Climatological Table 1981–2010 | work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010 | publisher = India Meteorological Department | date = January 2015 | pages = 443–444 | access-date = 18 February 2020}} | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf | archive-date = 5 February 2020 | url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf | title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) | publisher = India Meteorological Department | date = December 2016 | page = M12 | access-date = 18 February 2020}} |source 2 = Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020) | url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=43213 | title = Normals Data: Kurnool – India Latitude: 15.80°N Longitude: 78.07°E Height: 280 (m) | publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency | access-date = 1 December 2022}} |date=May 2015}}Kurnool has been ranked 21st best “National Clean Air City” under (Category 2 3-10L Population cities) in India.

Demographics

As per final data of the 2011 census, the Kurnool City had a population of 425,214, making it the fifth largest city in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The literacy rate of Kurnool was 77.37 per cent at the time of the 2011 census. |title=Literacy in Kurnool |titlebare=#ddd |float=right |bars=

Religion

|title=Religions in Kurnool city (2011) |titlebar=#Fcd116 |left1=Religion |right1=Percent |float=left |bars= |caption=Distribution of religions As per final data of 2011 census, Hindus formed the majority in the Kurnool urban agglomeration. Other religious groups found in Kurnool are Muslims, Christians, and Jains.

Language

|caption = Languages of Kurnool City (2011) |label1 = Telugu |value1 = 67.91 |color1 = steelblue |label2 = Urdu |value2 = 28.17 |color2 = green |label3 = Hindi |value3 = 1.02 |color3 = orange |label4 = Others |value4 = 2.90 |color4 = grey

Telugu (67.91%) is the official and most spoken language. Urdu (28.17%) and Hindi (1.02%) are also spoken.

Government and politics

Kurnool serves as the district headquarters of its Kurnool district. The city is administered by Kurnool Municipal Corporation. State level Government institutions located in the city include:

Villages

Education

The primary and secondary school education is imparted by Government, aided and private schools of the School Education Department of the state. Notable institutions located in the city include:

Transport

Roadways

National Highway 44 (India) which runs from Srinagar to Kanyakumari and also highway of Bangalore to Hyderabad. passes through Kurnool.

National highway 340C [ Kurnool-Dornala ] which connects to Srisailam, Vinukonda, Guntur, Vijayawada.

National Highway 40, [ Rayalaseema Expressway ] which runs from Kurnool to Chittoor, are the major highways passing through the city.

Surat–Chennai Expressway which is under construction also passes through the city outskirts.

The city also has an Outer Ring Road which is under construction connecting from Gargeyapuram National Highway 340C (India) and connects National Highway 40 (India), National Highway 44 (India), under construction Surat–Chennai Expressway and Kurnool - Bellari State Highway.

The city has a total road length of 519.22 km State owned bus transport system, APSRTC, operates buses from Kurnool bus station to other parts of the state.

Railways

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Kurnool_Railway_station_board.jpg" caption="Kurnool City Railway Station board"] ::

Kurnool City railway station lies on the Bengaluru – Hyderabad railway line. It is classified as an A–category station in the Hyderabad railway division of South Central Railway zone. Another railway station name Kotla lies in the middle of the city.

Airport

Kurnool Airport, officially known as Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy Airport, is located at Orvakal and is situated on the National Highway 40, about 18 km from Kurnool and 54 km from Nandyal. Commercial operations of the greenfield airport were started in March 2021.

Economy

The GDP of Kurnool City is $3.266 Billion.

Kurnool is endowed with good mineral resources. The important minerals are iron ore, dolomite, limestone, ochre, quartz and silica.

Notable people

References

[https://www.chiangraitimes.com/india/deadly-bus-fire-in-kurnool-india/ External] links

References

  1. "Kurnool Municipal Corporation |".
  2. "Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011". Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
  3. "Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above". Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
  4. "Registration | District Codes | Transport Department Government of Andhra Pradesh – India".
  5. Gopi Dara. (Nov 22, 2021). "AP Capital News: Andhra Pradesh govt withdraws three-capitals bills {{!}} Vijayawada News - Times of India".
  6. (4 Aug 2020). "Andhra Pradesh high court orders status quo on two new laws for three capitals". TOI.
  7. (2020-08-01). "Andhra Governor gives nod to CM Jagan Mohan Reddy's three-capital plan".
  8. "Diamond hunters descend on Kurnool as monsoon hits AP". The Times of India.
  9. "Andhra Pradesh (India): Districts, Cities and Towns - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
  10. Iswara Dutt, K.. (1937). "Journal of the Andhra Historical Society". Andhra Historical Research Society.
  11. "Heritage in Kurnool". AP Tourism Department.
  12. (2011). "International Journal of Economic and Political Integration: Vol.1, No.1". Universal-Publishers.
  13. "Archived copy".
  14. Petraglia, Michael. "New rock art discoveries in the Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, India". academia.edu.
  15. [http://www.showcaves.com/english/in/showcaves/Belum.html] Show Caves of India: Belum Caves
  16. Cahoon, Ben. "Indian Princely States K-Z".
  17. (2 July 2013). "Wahab Khan tomb in Kurnool to get a facelift". The Hindu.
  18. "Bonhams : A silver seal made for Ghulam Rasul Khan Bahadur, Nawab of Kurnool (reg. 1823-39) South Deccan, dated AH 1239/AD 1823-24".
  19. Ahamed, Syed Naseer. (28 November 2017). "Nawab of Kurnool Ghulam Rasool Khan A Great Freedom Fighter of India who fought against the British Empire.".
  20. "Andhra Pradesh - History".
  21. "First Capital of AP".
  22. "The Indian Express – Google News Archive Search". google.com.
  23. Somasekhar, Ch RS Sarma / M. (8 June 2014). "Capital loss: Madras, Kurnool, now Hyderabad".
  24. "Maps, Weather, and Airports for Kurnool, India". fallingrain.com.
  25. (22 April 2014). "Gopal Darwaza stands as a witness to history". The Hindu.
  26. (22 June 2006). "A rocky, solid gift from nature". The Hindu Business Line.
  27. (7 September 2024). "Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024".
  28. "Kurnool City Population Census 2011-2019 | Andhra Pradesh".
  29. (2011). "Table C-01 Population by Religion: Andhra Pradesh". [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]].
  30. "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh (Town level)". [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]].
  31. "District Census Handbook : Kurnool".
  32. Staff Reporter. (2020-01-20). "Andhra Pradesh Cabinet clears decentralised capital across Amaravati, Visakhapatnam and Kurnool". The Hindu.
  33. "School Education Department". School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh.
  34. "The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal".
  35. "Details of Roads in Each ULB of Andhra Pradesh".
  36. "Bus Stations in Districts".
  37. (22 April 2015). "Several bus stations lack CCTV surveillance". The Hindu.
  38. "Metroverse {{!}} Harvard Growth Lab".
  39. "Archived copy".

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