Koło

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title: "Koło" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["cities-and-towns-in-greater-poland-voivodeship", "koło-county", "populated-places-on-the-warta", "holocaust-locations-in-poland"] topic_path: "geography" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koło" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::data[format=table title="Infobox settlement"]

FieldValue
nameKoło
image_skylineKoło - panorama Starego Miasta.jpg
image_captionSkyline of Koło
image_flagPOL Koło flag.svg
flag_size80px
image_shieldPOL Koło COA.svg
shield_size80px
pushpin_mapPoland
pushpin_label_positionbottom
subdivision_typeCountry
subdivision_name
subdivision_type1Voivodeship
subdivision_name1Greater Poland
subdivision_type2County
subdivision_name2Koło
subdivision_type3Gmina
subdivision_name3Koło (urban gmina)
leader_titleMayor
leader_nameKrzysztof Witkowski
established_titleEstablished
established_date13th century
established_title3Town rights
established_date31362
area_total_km213.85
population_as_of2006
population_total23034
population_density_km2auto
timezoneCET
utc_offset+1
timezone_DSTCEST
utc_offset_DST+2
coordinates
elevation_m110
postal_code_typePostal code
postal_code62-600 to 62-602
area_code+48 63
blank_nameClimate
blank_infoDfb
blank1_nameCar plates
blank1_infoPKL
websitehttp://www.kolo.pl
::

| name = Koło | image_skyline = Koło - panorama Starego Miasta.jpg | image_caption = Skyline of Koło | image_flag = POL Koło flag.svg | flag_size = 80px | image_shield = POL Koło COA.svg | shield_size = 80px | pushpin_map = Poland | pushpin_label_position = bottom | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = | subdivision_type1 = Voivodeship | subdivision_name1 = Greater Poland | subdivision_type2 = County | subdivision_name2 = Koło | subdivision_type3 = Gmina | subdivision_name3 = Koło (urban gmina) | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Krzysztof Witkowski | established_title = Established | established_date = 13th century | established_title3 = Town rights | established_date3 = 1362 | area_total_km2 = 13.85 | population_as_of = 2006 | population_total = 23034 | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone = CET | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = CEST | utc_offset_DST = +2 | coordinates = | elevation_m = 110 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 62-600 to 62-602 | area_code = +48 63 | blank_name = Climate | blank_info = Dfb | blank1_name = Car plates | blank1_info = PKL | website = http://www.kolo.pl Koło () is a town on the Warta River in central Poland with 23,101 inhabitants (2006). It is situated in the Greater Poland Voivodship and it is the capital of Koło County.

History

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Zamek_Kolo_229.JPG" caption="Gothic]] [[Koło Castle]], built in the 14th century on the river [[Warta"] ::

Koło is one of the oldest towns in Poland. It was granted town status in 1362 by King Casimir III. It was situated in a safe place near the royal castle, on the island in the branches of the Warta River; the town had no walls but only two gates. It was a royal city and the seat of a land county (starostwo niegrodowe).[p. 16–18]

In 1410 Koło was a gathering place of the Greater Poland nobility, which called for a war with the Teutonic Order (see Battle of Grunwald). In 1452 the Royal Castle in Koło was the place of meeting between King Casimir the Jagiellonian and the representatives of the Prussian Union (see: the Thirteen Years' War).

From the early 15th century until 1716, Koło was the meeting place of the Provincial Parliament called Sejmik Generalny for the Greater Poland region, comprising the Poznań Voivodship, Kalisz, Sieradz, Łęczyca, Brześć Kujawski and Inowrocław Voivodeships. The town evolved into a regional hub of trade and crafts especially in metals and textiles, and as a centre of pottery. In 1571 a contract was drafted with regard to the status of the Jews in Koło, in which the city's Christians have undertaken to provide protection to the Jews, in return for which the Jews were required pay a special annual municipal tax.

Koło was destroyed twice, once in 1622 by the Lisowski forces, and in 1655 by the Swedes; the economy managed to revive only at the end of the 17th century. Until 1793 Koło belonged to Konin County of the Kalisz Voivodeship of the Greater Poland Province. The 1st Polish National Cavalry Brigade was stationed in the town. Following the Second Partition of Poland, in the years 1793-1806 it was occupied by Prussia, but during the Kościuszko Uprising in 1794 it was temporarily liberated by the insurgents. After the successful Greater Poland uprising of 1806, it was regained by Poles and included within the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw. After the duchy's dissolution in 1815, it formed part of Russian-controlled Congress Poland. In 1826, Fryderyk Chopin travelled through the town.

20th century

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Koło_-Stary_Rynek(1920).jpg" caption="''Stary Rynek'' ("Old Market Square") in the 1920s"] ::

After the return of Poland's sovereignty at the end of World War I, Koło was assigned to Łódź Voivodeship. A new railway line opened in 1921 from Kutno to Strzałkowo via Koło. According to the 1921 census, the population was 58.7% Polish and 40.2% Jewish.

On September 2, 1939, during Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland, the Luftwaffe bombed a civilian evacuation train from Krotoszyn, killing almost 250 civilians. The Germans captured Koło on September 18, 1939. On September 19, Jewish males over the age of 14 were rounded up and sent to forced labour. The Jewish synagogue was set on fire the following day. Many Poles were arrested and imprisoned in the local prison, and afterwards murdered in Rzuchów. On November 11, 1939, 80 people, who had previously been imprisoned in Koło, were murdered there by the German police.

The first Aktion, conducted by Wehrmacht soldiers and gendarmes, took place in December 1939, in which 100 Jews were executed. In June 1940 the Germans expelled 514 Poles, merchants and craftsmen with entire families, mostly to the General Government, while some were deported to forced labour to Germany, and their houses, workshops and shops were handed over to German colonists in accordance to the Nazi Lebensraum policy. In December 1940, the Jews were rounded up in a ghetto, which was liquidated the following year, in December 1941. The remaining Jews were deported to Chełmno extermination camp, where they were killed in gas vans and buried in mass graves. Koło remained a transfer point for Jews deported to Łódź, and Nazi officials, including Heinrich Himmler, visited the town.

Under German occupation, the town was renamed to Wartbrücken in 1940, and then to Warthbrücken in 1941 (which translates to "bridge on Warta river").

From 1975 to 1998, it was administratively part of the Konin Voivodship.

Climate

The climate is oceanic (Köppen: Cfb), but using older data and the modified Trewartha classification the climate would be continental (Dc).

| width = 77% | metric first = y | single line = y | location = Koło, elevation: 102 m, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–2020 | Jan record high C = 13.8 | Feb record high C = 17.1 | Mar record high C = 23.4 | Apr record high C = 30.4 | May record high C = 31.9 | Jun record high C = 36.9 | Jul record high C = 38.4 | Aug record high C = 36.7 | Sep record high C = 32.9 | Oct record high C = 26.7 | Nov record high C = 19.3 | Dec record high C = 15.9 | year record high C = 38.4 | Jan avg record high C = 9.0 | Feb avg record high C = 10.6 | Mar avg record high C = 16.8 | Apr avg record high C = 23.8 | May avg record high C = 27.3 | Jun avg record high C = 31.4 | Jul avg record high C = 32.7 | Aug avg record high C = 32.4 | Sep avg record high C = 26.8 | Oct avg record high C = 21.5 | Nov avg record high C = 14.6 | Dec avg record high C = 9.7 | year avg record high C = 34.5 | Jan high C = 1.5 | Feb high C = 3.2 | Mar high C = 7.7 | Apr high C = 14.6 | May high C = 19.5 | Jun high C = 22.8 | Jul high C = 25.1 | Aug high C = 24.9 | Sep high C = 19.2 | Oct high C = 13.2 | Nov high C = 6.9 | Dec high C = 2.8 | year high C = 13.5 | Jan mean C = -1.0 | Feb mean C = 0.1 | Mar mean C = 3.5 | Apr mean C = 9.2 | May mean C = 13.9 | Jun mean C = 17.3 | Jul mean C = 19.4 | Aug mean C = 19.1 | Sep mean C = 14.1 | Oct mean C = 9.0 | Nov mean C = 4.1 | Dec mean C = 0.4 | year mean C = 9.1 | Jan low C = -3.3 | Feb low C = -2.5 | Mar low C = 0.1 | Apr low C = 4.2 | May low C = 8.6 | Jun low C = 12.0 | Jul low C = 14.1 | Aug low C = 14.0 | Sep low C = 9.8 | Oct low C = 5.7 | Nov low C = 1.8 | Dec low C = -1.8 | year low C = 5.2 | Jan avg record low C = -13.8 | Feb avg record low C = -11.0 | Mar avg record low C = -6.8 | Apr avg record low C = -2.4 | May avg record low C = 1.8 | Jun avg record low C = 6.4 | Jul avg record low C = 9.0 | Aug avg record low C = 8.4 | Sep avg record low C = 3.6 | Oct avg record low C = -1.7 | Nov avg record low C = -5.8 | Dec avg record low C = -10.5 | year avg record low C = -16.9 | Jan record low C = -28.6 | Feb record low C = -26.6 | Mar record low C = -21.2 | Apr record low C = -7.8 | May record low C = -3.7 | Jun record low C = 0.7 | Jul record low C = 3.3 | Aug record low C = 3.7 | Sep record low C = -1.7 | Oct record low C = -7.9 | Nov record low C = -16.9 | Dec record low C = -24.4 | year record low C = -28.6 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 28.6 | Feb precipitation mm = 26.3 | Mar precipitation mm = 34.8 | Apr precipitation mm = 28.9 | May precipitation mm = 57.1 | Jun precipitation mm = 57.6 | Jul precipitation mm = 80.7 | Aug precipitation mm = 57.4 | Sep precipitation mm = 49.8 | Oct precipitation mm = 37.4 | Nov precipitation mm = 35.2 | Dec precipitation mm = 32.2 | year precipitation mm = 526.0 | Jan snow depth cm = 5.2 | Feb snow depth cm = 5.0 | Mar snow depth cm = 3.1 | Apr snow depth cm = 1.1 | May snow depth cm = 0.0 | Jun snow depth cm = 0.0 | Jul snow depth cm = 0.0 | Aug snow depth cm = 0.0 | Sep snow depth cm = 0.0 | Oct snow depth cm = 0.1 | Nov snow depth cm = 2.3 | Dec snow depth cm = 4.2 | year snow depth cm = | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 15.53 | Feb precipitation days = 13.48 | Mar precipitation days = 13.63 | Apr precipitation days = 11.05 | May precipitation days = 12.83 | Jun precipitation days = 12.78 | Jul precipitation days = 13.25 | Aug precipitation days = 11.73 | Sep precipitation days = 11.60 | Oct precipitation days = 12.90 | Nov precipitation days = 14.07 | Dec precipitation days = 16.00 | year precipitation days = 158.86 | unit snow days = 0 cm | Jan snow days = 13.8 | Feb snow days = 12.8 | Mar snow days = 5.7 | Apr snow days = 0.7 | May snow days = 0.0 | Jun snow days = 0.0 | Jul snow days = 0.0 | Aug snow days = 0.0 | Sep snow days = 0.0 | Oct snow days = 0.1 | Nov snow days = 2.6 | Dec snow days = 9.7 | year snow days = 45.4 | Jan humidity = 87.1 | Feb humidity = 83.9 | Mar humidity = 78.2 | Apr humidity = 70.0 | May humidity = 71.0 | Jun humidity = 71.5 | Jul humidity = 71.8 | Aug humidity = 70.9 | Sep humidity = 78.2 | Oct humidity = 83.9 | Nov humidity = 89.3 | Dec humidity = 88.9 | year humidity = 77.0 | Jan sun = 49.1 | Feb sun = 69.4 | Mar sun = 127.9 | Apr sun = 197.6 | May sun = 250.9 | Jun sun = 247.9 | Jul sun = 254.2 | Aug sun = 247.3 | Sep sun = 162.2 | Oct sun = 110.5 | Nov sun = 49.1 | Dec sun = 38.8 | year sun = 1805.1 | source 1 = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115527/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE | archive-date = 3 December 2021 | url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE | title = Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza | work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 | publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management | language = pl | access-date = 16 February 2022}} | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115043924/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE | archive-date = 15 January 2022 | url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE | title = Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza | work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 | publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management | language = pl | access-date = 16 February 2022}} | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115044916/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE | archive-date = 15 January 2022 | url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE | title = Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza | work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 | publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management | language = pl | access-date = 16 February 2022}} | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045820/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA | archive-date = 9 January 2022 | url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA | title = Miesięczna suma opadu | work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 | publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management | language = pl | access-date = 16 February 2022}} | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115051112/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01 | archive-date = 15 January 2022 | url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01 | title = Liczba dni z opadem = 0,1 mm | work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 | publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management | language = pl | access-date = 16 February 2022}} | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115054936/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB | archive-date = 15 January 2022 | url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB | title = Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej | work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 | publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management | language = pl | access-date = 16 February 2022}} | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121044246/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0 | archive-date = 21 January 2022 | url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0 | title = Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna 0 cm | work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 | publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management | language = pl | access-date = 16 February 2022}} | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115055331/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL | archive-date = 15 January 2022 | url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL | title = Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h) | work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 | publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management | language = pl | access-date = 16 February 2022}} | source 2 = Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020) | url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352180345&par=tmax&max_empty=3 | title = Koło Absolutna temperatura maksymalna | publisher = Meteomodel.pl | language = pl | access-date = 16 February 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230423092702/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352180345&par=tmax&max_empty=3 | archive-date = 2023-04-23}} | url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352180345&par=tmin&max_empty=3 | title = Koło Absolutna temperatura minimalna | publisher = Meteomodel.pl | language = pl | access-date = 16 February 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230423092838/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352180345&par=tmin&max_empty=3 | archive-date = 2023-04-23}} | url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352180345&par=rh&max_empty=3 | title = Koło Średnia wilgotność | publisher = Meteomodel.pl | language = pl | access-date = 16 February 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230423092946/https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=352180345&par=rh&max_empty=3 | archive-date = 2023-04-23}}

Sports

| image1 = Koło - kościół Podwyższenia Krzyża Świętego.jpg | image2 = Koło - kościół Nawiedzenia NMP fasada.jpg | image3 = Koło - Ratusz1.jpg | image4 = Koło - k-dron.jpg | caption1 = Gothic Exaltation of the Holy Cross church | caption2 = Baroque Church of the Visitation | caption3 = Town hall | caption4 = A monument to the K-dron

Notable residents

International relations

Twin towns – Sister cities

Koło is twinned with:

References

References

  1. U.M.K.. (2014). "KOŁO 2005: Ludność. Położenie geograficzne. Klimat. Dziedzictwo kulturowe". Urząd Miejski w Kole.
  2. [http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/pinkas_poland/pol1_00230.html "Koło" - Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities in Poland, Volume I] {{webarchive. link. (2016-07-10)
  3. [[Raphael Mahler. Mahler, Rafael]]. [http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/kolo/kol008.html "From the near and far past". Some information about the history of the Jews of Koło.]
  4. Gembarzewski, Bronisław. (1925). "Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831". Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej.
  5. (2000). "Szlakiem Chopina po Polsce". Wydawnictwo JaR.
  6. . (1925). "Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Tom II". *Główny Urząd Statystyczny*.
  7. Dates of grief. Sefer Koło; Funfhundert yor Yiddish Kolo. 1958. Mordekhai Halter (ed.) p. 335.
  8. Wardzyńska, Maria. (2009). "Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion". [[Institute of National Remembrance.
  9. In November 1939, Poles from Koło were also murdered in other places, including [[Bugaj, Września County. Bugaj]], [[Chełmno nad Nerem]], [[Konin]].Wardzyńska (2009), pp. 210-211, 276
  10. "Execution Sites of Jewish Victims Investigated by Yahad-In Unum".
  11. Wardzyńska, Maria. (2017). "Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939-1945". [[Institute of National Remembrance.
  12. "International Jewish Cemetery Project".
  13. "Kolo (Muhlental), Poland".
  14. "Kolo, Poland Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)".
  15. "Figure 2. The derived Köppen-Trewartha (K-T) climate classification...".

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cities-and-towns-in-greater-poland-voivodeshipkoło-countypopulated-places-on-the-wartaholocaust-locations-in-poland