Kiviter process

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Shale oil extraction technology

title: "Kiviter process" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["oil-shale-technology", "oil-shale-in-estonia"] description: "Shale oil extraction technology" topic_path: "general/oil-shale-technology" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiviter_process" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Shale oil extraction technology ::

::data[format=table title="Infobox industrial process"]

Field	Value
name	Kiviter process
type	Chemical
sector	Chemical industry
oil industry
feedstock	oil shale
product	shale oil
companies	VKG Oil
Kiviõli Keemiatööstus
developer	VKG Oil
::

History

The Kiviter process is based on the earlier vertical retort technology (Pintsch's generator). This technology underwent a long process of development. The early concept of central inlet of the heat carrier was later replaced by a concept of heat carrier gas cross flow in the retort.

The Kiviter technology has been used in Estonia since 1921, when first experimental Kiviter retorts were built. | last1 =Väli | first1 = E. | last2 =Valgma | first2 = I. | last3 =Reinsalu | first3 = E. | title = Usage of Estonian oil shale | journal =Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal | publisher = Estonian Academy Publishers | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | pages =101–114 | year =2008 | url= http://www.kirj.ee/public/oilshale_pdf/2008/issue_2S/oil-2008-2S-2.pdf | issn = 0208-189X | accessdate =2008-11-23 | doi =10.3176/oil.2008.2S.02}} The first commercial scale oil plant based on the Kiviter technology was built in 1924.{{Cite web |last = Kattai |first = V. |author2 = Lokk, U. |title = Historical review of the kukersite |publisher = Geological Survey of Estonia |date = 1998-02-17 |url = http://deepthought.ttu.ee/maeinst/os/2_katlok.html |accessdate = 2008-11-23 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170324045321/http://deepthought.ttu.ee/maeinst/os/2_katlok.html |archive-date = 2017-03-24 |url-status = dead

From 1955 to 2003, Kiviter technology was used for oil shale processing also in Slantsy, Russia. | last = Uustalu | first = Jaan | editor1-last=Rofer | editor1-first= Cheryl K. | editor2-last=Kaasik | editor2-first= Tõnis | title = Turning a Problem Into a Resource: Remediation and Waste Management at the Sillamae Site, Estonia | chapter = Utilization of semi-coke for energy production | publisher = Axel Springer AG | page = 223 | year =2000 | chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hkTGV56jbI0C&pg=PA223 | isbn = 978-0-7923-6186-2 | accessdate =2008-11-23}} |title = Survey of energy resources |publisher = World Energy Council (WEC) |year = 2007 |edition = edition 21 |pages = 93–115 |url = http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/ser2007_final_online_version_1.pdf |isbn = 978-0-946121-26-7 |accessdate = 2008-11-23 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110409010229/http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/ser2007_final_online_version_1.pdf |archive-date = 2011-04-09 |last1=Leveinen |first1=Jussi |last2=Aneshkin |first2=Boris |last3=Blanchard |first3=Francois |last4=Staudt |first4=Michael |last5=Van den Dool |first5=Gijs |last6=Sapon |first6=Svetlana |last7=Kruglova |first7=Olga |title=Modelling impacts of oil-shale mining on groundwater resources in the Slantsy region, Russia |conference=15th Meeting of the Association of European Geological Societies |date=16–20 September 2007 |location=Tallinn, Estonia |url= http://www.gi.ee/maegs15/presentations/3_3_Leveinen.ppt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042641/http://www.gi.ee/maegs15/presentations/3_3_Leveinen.ppt |format=PPT |accessdate=2017-05-07 |archive-date=2016-03-04

Technology

The Kiviter process is classified as an internal combustion technology.{{Cite web | last1 = Burnham | first1 = Alan K. | last2 = McConaghy | first2 = James R. | title = Comparison of the acceptability of various oil shale processes | date = 2006-10-16 | place = Golden | publisher = 26th Oil shale symposium | url = https://e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/341283.pdf | id = UCRL-CONF-226717 | accessdate = 2008-11-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160213164539/https://e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/341283.pdf | archive-date = 2016-02-13 | url-status = dead | last1 = Jaber | first1 = Jamel O. | last2 = Sladek | first2 = Thomas A. | last3 = Mernitz | first3 = Scott | last4 = Tarawneh | first4 = T. M. | title = Future Policies and Strategies for Oil Shale Development in Jordan | year = 2008 | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 31–44 | journal = Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering | url = http://jjmie.hu.edu.jo/files/V2/004-v2-1.pdf | issn = 1995-6665 | accessdate = 2008-11-22}} To supply heat, gases (including produced oil shale gas) and carbonaceous spent residue are burnt within the retort. Raw oil shale is fed into the top of the retort, and is heated by the rising gases, which pass laterally through the descending oil shale causing decomposition of the rock. Pyrolysis is completed in the lower section of the retort, where the spent shale contacted with more hot gas, steam and air is heated to about 900 °C to gasify and burn the residual carbon (char). Shale oil vapors and evolving gases are delivered to a condensing system, where condensed shale oil is collected, while non-condensable gases are fed back to the retort. Recycled gas enters the bottom of the retort and cools the spent shale, which then leaves the retort through a water-sealed discharge system. |last=Koel|first=Mihkel | title=Estonian oil shale | journal=Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal | publisher=Estonian Academy Publishers | issue=Extra | year=1999 | url=http://www.kirj.ee/public/oilshale/Est-OS.htm | issn=0208-189X | accessdate=2008-11-23}}

The Kiviter process uses large amounts of water, which is polluted during processing, and the solid waste residue contains water-soluble toxic substances that leach into the surrounding area. |last=Mölder |first=Leevi |title=Estonian Oil Shale Retorting Industry at a Crossroads |journal= Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal |publisher=Estonian Academy Publishers |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages =97–98 |year=2004 |doi=10.3176/oil.2004.2.01 |s2cid=252707682 |url=http://www.kirj.ee/public/oilshale/1_ed_page_2004_2.pdf |issn=0208-189X | accessdate =2008-11-23}} |last1 = Soone |first1 = Jüri |last2 = Riisalu |first2 = Hella |last3 = Kekisheva |first3 = Ljudmilla |last4 = Doilov |first4 = Svjatoslav |title = Environmentally sustainable use of energy and chemical potential of oil shale |pages = 2–3 |publisher = Jordanian Natural Resources Authority |conference = International Oil Shale Conference |date = 2006-11-07 |location = Amman, Jordan |url = http://www.sdnp.jo/International_Oil_Conference/rtos-A104.pdf |accessdate = 2007-06-29 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928110803/http://www.sdnp.jo/International_Oil_Conference/rtos-A104.pdf |archive-date = 2007-09-28 |url-status = dead

Commercial use

The Kiviter process is used by the Estonian Viru Keemia Grupp's subsidiary VKG Oil. | title =Strategic significance of America's oil shale resource. Volume II: Oil shale resources, technology and economics | publisher= Office of Deputy Assistant Secretary for Petroleum Reserves; Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves; United States Department of Energy | year=2004 | url=http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/reserves/npr/publications/npr_strategic_significancev2.pdf | accessdate =2008-11-23 |title=An Assessment of Oil Shale Technologies |date=June 1980 |url=http://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk3/1980/8004/8004.PDF |id=NTIS order #PB80-210115 |accessdate=2008-11-23}}

References

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