Kewa language
Engan language spoken in Papua New Guinea
title: "Kewa language" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["engan-languages", "languages-of-southern-highlands-province", "taboo", "pandanus-avoidance-registers"] description: "Engan language spoken in Papua New Guinea" topic_path: "linguistics" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewa_language" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0
::summary Engan language spoken in Papua New Guinea ::
::data[format=table title="Infobox language"]
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| name | Kewa |
| region | Southern Highlands, Papua New Guinea |
| speakers | 100,000 |
| date | 2001 census |
| ref | e18 |
| familycolor | Papuan |
| fam1 | Engan |
| fam2 | South |
| lc1 | kjy |
| lc2 | kjs |
| lc3 | kew |
| glotto | kewa1250 |
| glottorefname | Kewa |
| :: |
|name=Kewa |region=Southern Highlands, Papua New Guinea |speakers=100,000 |date=2001 census |ref=e18 |familycolor=Papuan |fam1=Engan |fam2=South |lc1=kjy |ld1=Erave (South) |lc2=kjs |ld2=East |lc3=kew |ld3=Pasuma (West) |glotto=kewa1250 |glottorefname=Kewa
Kewa is an Engan language complex of the Southern Highlands province of Papua New Guinea. A dictionary of the western dialect of Kewa has been compiled by .
Phonology
Consonants
::data[format=table]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Plosive | plain | prenasal | Fricative | Nasal | Tap | Approximant |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p | t | c | k ɡ | |||||||
| ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | ||||||||
| (ɸ) | s | (x) | ||||||||
| m | n | ɲ | ||||||||
| ɾ | ||||||||||
| w | l | j | ||||||||
| :: |
- /p, k/ can also be heard as fricatives [ɸ, x]. Other realizations of /k/ are [kx], or [h] in the south dialect.
- /c/ can also be heard as [tʃ].
- /s/ may also be fronted as [s̪] when before /a/.
- Common realizations of /l, ɾ/ are retroflex sounds [ɭ̆, ɽ]. /l/ may also be heard as a flap [ɺ].
- /ɾ/ can also be heard as a trill [r] in the southeast dialect.
Vowels
::data[format=table]
| Front | Central | Back | High | Mid | Low |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| i | u | ||||
| e | ə | o | |||
| a | |||||
| :: |
Kewa pandanus register
Kewa's elaborate pandanus avoidance register, which is used only in the forest during the karuka harvest, has been extensively documented. The grammar is regularized and the vocabulary is restricted, with about a thousand words that differ from normal language. This was first described by Karl J. Franklin in 1972.
Pandanus-register words have a broader semantic scope. For example, yoyo, a reduplication of yo 'leaf', refers to hair, ear, breast, and scrotum, all things which hang from the body as pandanus leaves hang from the tree. Palaa, 'limb,' (either thigh or branch) is used for any reference to trees, including root, firewood, and fire. (Even in normal Kewa, repena means both 'tree' and 'fire'.) Maeye or 'crazy' refers to any non-human animal except dogs. It contrasts with the rational world of humans.
Many words are coined from Kewa morphology but have idiosyncratic meanings in the forest. Aayagopa, from aa 'man', yago 'fellow', and pa 'to do, to make', refers to man, knee, skin, and neck. Many idiosyncratic phrases are then built on this word. For example, ni madi aayagopa-si (I carry man-) means "my father".
The grammar has also been simplified. Clause-linking morphology is lost and replaced by simple juxtaposition of the clauses. In standard Kewa, there are two sets of verbal endings, one indicating actions done for the speaker's benefit. That set is missing from the pandanus language. The other inflection differs somewhat. For example, the forms of 'to be' are:
::data[format=table]
| Normal Kewa | Pandanus register | Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ni pi | saa pipa | niaa pima | ni mupi | saa mupapana | niaa mupapana | |||||
| ne pi | ne mupa | |||||||||
| nipu pia | nimu pimi | aayagopa mupia | aayagopanu pupipa | |||||||
| :: |
(The -nu in aayagopanu is a collective suffix.)
Notes
References
References
- {{Harvp. Franklin. 1968
- {{Harvp. Franklin. 1971
- Foley, William. (1986). "The Papuan Languages of New Guinea". Cambridge University Press.
- {{harvp. Franklin. 1972
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