Kepler-9

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Star located in the constellation Lyra

title: "Kepler-9" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["planetary-systems-with-three-confirmed-planets", "lyra", "kepler-objects-of-interest", "planetary-transit-variables", "g-type-main-sequence-stars"] description: "Star located in the constellation Lyra" topic_path: "technology/web" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-9" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Star located in the constellation Lyra ::

| image = [[File:Kepler-9 Worlds on the Edge.jpg|250px]] | caption = An artist's impression of Kepler-9, including planets Kepler-9b and c | epoch = J2000 | constell = Lyra | ra = | dec = | appmag_v = 13.9 | prop_mo_ra = | prop_mo_dec = | pm_footnote = | parallax = 1.5823 | p_error = 0.0120 | parallax_footnote = | type = main sequence | class = G2V | source = | mass = | radius = | gravity = | temperature = | metal_fe = | rotation = | rotational_velocity = | age_gyr = | names = | Simbad = Kepler-9 | KIC = 3323887

Kepler-9 is a sunlike star in the constellation Lyra. Its planetary system, discovered by the Kepler Mission in 2010 was the first detected with the transit method found to contain multiple planets.

Nomenclature and history

Kepler-9 was named for the Kepler Mission, a project headed by NASA that was designed to search for Earth-like planets.

In June 2010, some 43 days after Kepler came online, its operating scientists submitted a list of over 700 exoplanet candidates for review. Of those, five were originally suspected to have more than one planet. Kepler-9 was one of the multiplanetary systems; it was identified as such when scientists noticed significant variations in the time intervals at which Kepler-9 was transited. Kepler-9 holds the first multiplanetary system discovered using the transit method. It is also the first planetary system where transiting planets were confirmed through transit timing variations method, allowing to calculate the masses of planets. The discovery of the planets was announced on August 26, 2010.

Characteristics

Kepler-9 is located in the constellation Lyra that lies some 632 parsecs away from Earth. With a mass of and a radius of , Kepler-9 is almost exactly the same size and width of the Sun, being only 7% more massive and 2% wider. Kepler-9 has an effective temperature of 5777 (± 61) K, as compared to the Sun's at 5778 K, and is approximately 32% more metal-rich (in terms of iron) than the Sun. Kepler-9 is younger than the Sun, and is estimated to be one billion years old.

Planetary system

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/kepler9bcdlightcurves-full.jpg" caption="Light curves of the transiting planets of Kepler-9."] ::

There are three confirmed planets, all in direct orbit. The outer two planets, Kepler-9b (the inner one) and Kepler-9c (the outer one), are low-density gas giants that are respectively 25% and 17% the mass of Jupiter and around 80% the radius of Jupiter. Both planets have a density less than that of water, similar to Saturn. The innermost planet, Kepler-9d, is a super-Earth with a radius that is 1.64 times that of Earth, orbiting the star every 1.6 days. It is estimated that there is a 0.59% chance that the discoveries are false.

From Kepler-9d (closest to star) to Kepler-9b (second from star), the ratio of their orbits is 1:12. However, the ratio of the orbits of the two outer planets is 1:2, a relationship known as a mean motion resonance. Kepler-9b and Kepler-9c are the first transiting planets detected in such an orbital configuration. The resonance causes the orbital speeds of each planet to change, and thus causes the transit times of the two planets to oscillate. The period of Kepler-9b is increasing by 4 minutes per orbit, while that of Kepler-9c is decreasing by 39 minutes per orbit. These orbital changes allowed the masses of the planets (a parameter not normally obtainable via the transit method) to be estimated using a dynamical model. The mass estimates were further refined using radial velocity measurements obtained with the HIRES instrument of the Keck 1 telescope.{{cite web |last=Alexander |first=Amir |title=From the Ground and from Space, New Planetary Systems Unveiled |work=Planetary Society web site |publisher=The Planetary Society |date=2010-08-27 |url=http://www.planetary.org/news/2010/0827_From_the_Ground_and_from_Space_New.html |access-date=2010-08-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901135134/http://www.planetary.org/news/2010/0827_From_the_Ground_and_from_Space_New.html |archive-date=2010-09-01

Kepler-9b and 9c are thought to have formed beyond the "frost line". They are then thought to have migrated inward due to interactions with the remains of the protoplanetary disk. They would have been captured into orbital resonance during this migration.

In 2021, it was found the orbital plane of Kepler-9b and Kepler-9c are slowly changing, likely under the gravitational influence of the additional giant planet. | table_ref = | exoplanet = d | mass_earth = | semimajor = | period = | eccentricity = 0 | inclination = | radius_earth = | exoplanet = b | mass_earth = | semimajor = | period = 19.247 | eccentricity = | inclination = | radius_earth = | exoplanet = c | mass_earth = | semimajor = | period = 38.944 | eccentricity = | inclination = | radius_earth =

References

References

  1. Nancy Atkinson. (26 August 2010). "Kepler Discovers Multi-Planet System". Universe Today.
  2. David Williams. (1 September 2004). "Sun Fact Sheet". [[NASA]].
  3. (2021). "Systematic search for long-term transit duration changes in Kepler transiting planets". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
  4. (2019). "HARPS-N radial velocities confirm the low densities of the Kepler-9 planets". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
  5. "Planet Kepler-9 b".
  6. (2018). "Kepler Object of Interest Network. II. Photodynamical modelling of Kepler-9 over 8 years of transit observations". Astronomy and Astrophysics.
  7. {{Cite Gaia DR3. 2099925719951103872
  8. (2010). "Kepler-9: A System of Multiple Planets Transiting a Sun-Like Star, Confirmed by Timing Variations". Science.
  9. . (2010-08-26). ["NASA's Kepler Mission Discovers Two Planets Transiting Same Star"](https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=2714). *[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]*.
  10. (2013). "Stellar Rotation Periods of The Kepler objects of Interest: A Dearth of Close-In Planets Around Fast Rotators". The Astrophysical Journal Letters.
  11. (13 April 2015). "Mission overview". NASA.
  12. {{Cite constellation. Kepler-9
  13. "Kepler-9".
  14. (2011). "Modeling Kepler Transit Light Curves as False Positives: Rejection of Blend Scenarios for Kepler-9, and Validation of Kepler-9 d, A Super-earth-size Planet in a Multiple System". The Astrophysical Journal.
  15. (2018). "Stellar Spin–Orbit Alignment for Kepler-9, a Multi-transiting Planetary System with Two Outer Planets Near 2:1 Resonance". The Astronomical Journal.
  16. (2011). "Mass-loss rates for transiting exoplanets". Astronomy and Astrophysics.

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planetary-systems-with-three-confirmed-planetslyrakepler-objects-of-interestplanetary-transit-variablesg-type-main-sequence-stars