Kamakã languages
Small family of extinct Macro-Jê languages of Bahía near Brazil's Atlantic coast
title: "Kamakã languages" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["kamakã-languages", "language-families", "macro-jê-languages", "indigenous-languages-of-northeastern-brazil"] description: "Small family of extinct Macro-Jê languages of Bahía near Brazil's Atlantic coast" topic_path: "linguistics" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakã_languages" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0
::summary Small family of extinct Macro-Jê languages of Bahía near Brazil's Atlantic coast ::
::data[format=table title="Infobox language family"]
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| name | Kamakã |
| altname | Kamakanan |
| region | Bahía, Brazil |
| familycolor | macro-je |
| fam1 | Macro-Jê |
| glotto | kama1371 |
| glottorefname | Kamakanan |
| map | Kamakan languages.png |
| mapcaption | Map of Kamakã languages |
| child1 | Masakará |
| child2 | Core |
| :: |
| name = Kamakã | altname = Kamakanan | region = Bahía, Brazil | familycolor = macro-je | fontcolor = white | fam1 = Macro-Jê | glotto = kama1371 | glottorefname = Kamakanan | map = Kamakan languages.png | mapcaption = Map of Kamakã languages | child1 = Masakará | child2 = Core
The Kamakã languages are a small family of extinct Macro-Jê languages of Bahía, northeastern Brazil. The attested Kamakã languages are:
Varieties
Loukotka (1968)
Below is a full list of Kamakã languages and dialects listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.
;Southern
- Kamakán / Ezeshio - once spoken on the Ilhéus River, De Contas River and Pardo River, Bahia state.
- Mangaló / Mongoyo / Monshoko - extinct language once spoken on the lower Pardo River near the frontier of Bahia and Minas Gerais states.
- Kutasho / Cotoxo / Catathoy - once spoken between the Pardo River and De Contas River.
- Menien / Manyã - once spoken at the sources of the Jequitinhonha River.
- Dendi - once spoken in the Serra Geral de Condeúba, frontier area between the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais. (Unattested)
- Catolé - once spoken in the state of Minas Gerais in the valleys of the Pardo River and Verde River. (Unattested)
- Imboré / Amboré - once spoken at the sources of the Gongogi River, Bahia state. (Unattested)
- Piripiri - once spoken in the state of Minas Gerais in the valleys of the Verde River and Gorutuba River. (Unattested)
- Payaya - once spoken on the Camamu River, Bahia state. (Unattested)
;Northern
- Masacará - extinct language once spoken south of the city of Juazeiro and in the old mission of Saco dos Morcegos, state of Bahia.
Mason (1950)
Camacán (Kamakán) varieties listed by Mason (1950):
- Camacán (Kamakán)
- Mongoyó
- Monshocó (Ezeshio)
- Cutashó (Kotoxó)
- Catethoy (Katathoy)
- Menián (Manyá)
- Masacará
Classification
Martins (2007)
Internal classification of the Kamakã languages by Martins (2007):
;Kamakã
Masakará is the most divergent language.
Ramirez (2015)
Internal classification of the Kamakã languages according to Ramirez, et al. (2015):
Nikulin (2020)
Internal classification of the Kamakã languages according to Nikulin (2020):
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.
:{| class="wikitable sortable" ! gloss !! Kamakan !! Mangaló !! Menien !! Kutasho !! Masacará |- ! head | heró || hero || inro || heró || axaró |- ! eye | an-kedó || kedó || im-gutó || kithó || gätxt |- ! tooth | txó || dió || yo || dió || thüó |- ! foot | wadé || uadä || || hoata || huaxtö |- ! water | d san || sa || sa || sin || tsyin |- ! fire | yakó || diaxka || yarú || tiakíl || guxá |- ! star | pʔiong || péo || pinia || pião || pinatsö |- ! maize | hikamhi || kesho || kshó || kethió || käxü |- ! jaguar | yakoe-dere || yaké-deré || kukiamú || tiuké-hiá || yakveo |- ! black | kohada || koaxéda || kuatá || tá || koeixtá |}
Proto-language==
| name = Proto-Kamakã | familycolor = macro-je | fontcolor = white | ancestor = Proto-Macro-Jê | ancestor2 = Proto-Trans–São Francisco | target = Kamakã languages Proto-Kamakã reconstructions by Martins (2007):
:{| class="wikitable sortable" ! Portuguese gloss (original) !! English gloss (translated) !! Proto-Kamakã |- | água || water || *tsã |- | andar || to walk || *mã |- | anta || tapir || *here |- | arara || macaw || *tʃoke |- | arco || bow || *kwã |- | árvore || tree || *hi |- | banana || banana || *tako |- | beber || to drink || *ka |- | beber (água) || to drink (water) || *tsã-ka |- | belo || beautiful || *tʃoho |- | boca || mouth || *eriko |- | branco || white || *kVhVro |- | cabeça || head || *hero |- | cabelo || hair || *ke |- | carne || meat || *kohoaja |- | casa || house || *toa |- | chuva || rain || *tsã |- | comer || to eat || *jukwa |- | dente || tooth || *tʃo |- | dormir || to sleep || *hondõ |- | esp. de banana || banana sp. || *tako |- | estrela || star || *pio |- | faca || knife || *ketʃa, *ketja |- | feijão || bean || *kinja |- | filha || daughter || *kiaxrará |- | filha, filho || daughter, son || *krani |- | filho || son || *ketje |- | flecha || arrow || *hwaj, *waj |- | fogo || fire || *tʃakɨ, *tjakɨ |- | irmã || sister || *tʃakarata, *jak(a)ratã |- | lua || moon || *hetʃe, *hedje |- | macaco || monkey || *kaũ |- | machado || axe || *kedo |- | madeira || wood || *hi)-ta |- | mandioca || manioc || *kajɨ |- | mão || hand || *ker |- | menino || boy || *kwanĩ |- | milho || maize || *ketʃo |- | milho || maize || ketjo |- | muito || very || hie-hie |- | nariz || nose || niniko |- | olho || eye || keto |- | onça (Felis onça) || jaguar (Felis) || *jake |- | orelha || ear || *nikoka |- | pai || father || *kehentã |- | papagaio || parrot || *karaj |- | pássaro || bird || *tʃano |- | pequeno || small || *(V)ta |- | preto, negro || black || *kwahda, *kwaxda |- | quati || coati || *pitako |}
References
- Alain Fabre, 2005, Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: KAMAKÃ.http://www.ling.fi/Entradas%20diccionario/Dic=Kamak%e3.pdf
References
- Loukotka, Čestmír. (1968). "Classification of South American Indian languages". UCLA Latin American Center.
- Mason, John Alden. (1950). "Handbook of South American Indians". [[Smithsonian Institution]], [[Bureau of American Ethnology]] Bulletin 143.
- Ramirez, H., Vegini, V., & França, M. C. V. de. (2015). [https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/liames/article/download/8642302/19659/ Koropó, puri, kamakã e outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro]. ''LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas'', 15(2), 223 - 277. {{doi. 10.20396/liames.v15i2.8642302
- Nikulin, Andrey. (2020). "Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo". Universidade de Brasília.
- Martins, Andérbio Márcio Silva. 2007. ''Revisão da Família Lingüística Kamakã Proposta por [[Čestmír Loukotka. Chestmir Loukotka]]''. MA thesis, [[University of Brasília]].
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