İspir

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title: "İspir" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["i̇spir", "populated-places-in-erzurum-province", "former-provinces-of-georgia-(country)", "historical-regions-of-georgia-(country)", "tao-klarjeti", "districts-of-erzurum-province", "metropolitan-district-municipalities-in-turkey"] topic_path: "geography/turkey" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/İspir" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::data[format=table title="Infobox Turkey place"]

FieldValue
typemetro district
nameİspir
image_skylineIspirCastle.jpg
image_captionİspir castle and the historic citadel mosque.
image_mapErzurum location İspir.png
map_captionMap showing İspir District in Erzurum Province
coordinates
provinceErzurum
leader_partyMHP
leader_nameAhmet Coşkun
area_total_km22129
population_footnotes
population_total14607
population_as_of2022
postal_code25900
area_code0442
website
::

| type = metro district | name = İspir | image_skyline = IspirCastle.jpg | image_caption = İspir castle and the historic citadel mosque. | image_map = Erzurum location İspir.png | map_caption = Map showing İspir District in Erzurum Province | coordinates = | province = Erzurum | leader_party = MHP | leader_name = Ahmet Coşkun | leader_name1 = | area_total_km2 = 2129 | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 14607 | population_as_of = 2022 | postal_code = 25900 | area_code = 0442 | website = İspir (, Sper; სპერი, Speri) is a municipality and district of Erzurum Province, Turkey. Its area is 2,129 km2, and its population is 14,607 (2022). It is on the Çoruh River. The mayor is Ahmet Coşkun (MHP).

History

Main article: Speri (historical region)

İspir is known from the 3rd millennium BC. The ancient kingdom of Hayasa-Azzi (2nd millennium BC), which was the forerunner of Armenian statehood, was located in the upper reaches of the rivers Euphrates and Chorokh, and included Sper. The name Sper is thought by some to be derived from Saspers, or Sasperi, the name Sper with a Georgian prefix of place Sa-, which evolved into the term Iberian. The Saspers were mentioned by Xenophon;

In the 4th-3rd centuries BC Sper was organized into a province of the Iberian Kingdom as noted by Strabo. Alexander the Great sent one of his generals Menon to conquer Sper, but Menon and his forces were defeated and killed. The region was then a part of Upper Armenia (, Bardzr Hayk'), a province of Greater Armenia, since the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD. After this, Sper was an Armenian Bagratid domain in the 4th - 6th centuries, the territory of which also comprised the Bayburt plain until that was lost to the Byzantines (perhaps in 387).

In the 7th century it passed to the Arab Caliphate; in 885 Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia. Under the medieval Kingdom of Armenia, it was part of the province of Upper Armenia and was famous for its gold mines. In the 11th century it was conquered by the Seljuqs. Ispir was under the control of the Saltukids till 1124 when the Georgians took over power, governed by Zakare and Ivane Zakarids as a fief. It was recaptured by Mughith ad Din Tughrul, son of the Seljuk sultan Kilij Arslan II, sometime between 1201 and 1225. He built a mosque in the citadel which still survives. It was conquered in 1242 by the Mongols; was regained by Georgian Kingdom during the reign of George V the Brilliant (1314–1346), it remained part of the Kingdom before its disintegration, which then passed into the hands of Georgian Atabegs belonging to the House of Jaqeli; it was conquered in 1502 by Persia and was probably in 1515 taken by the Ottoman Empire from the Georgian ruler of Samtskhe.

The town was occupied in 1916 by the Russians during World War I and the Armenian genocide, then was recaptured by the Turks in 1918.

Historic sights in the town are the citadel, a mosque and a church in the citadel (probably 13th century), the originally 13th century Çarsi mosque's building being a recent structure. The Sultan Melik mosque and Madrasa built in the 13th century, the Madrasa of Kadizade Mehmet built in 1725/26, Kadizade was the Mufti of Erzurum from 1744 to 1759 and his father was the Qadi of Ispir. There is also a tomb with a graveyard containing some Ottoman tombstones.

Climate

The climate is described as Humid continental by Köppen, abbreviated as Dfa.

| width = auto | collapsed = yes | metric first = yes | single line = yes | location = İspir (1991–2020) | Jan high C = 2.5 | Feb high C = 4.5 | Mar high C = 10.3 | Apr high C = 16.7 | May high C = 22.1 | Jun high C = 27.2 | Jul high C = 31.3 | Aug high C = 32.0 | Sep high C = 27.5 | Oct high C = 20.2 | Nov high C = 11.4 | Dec high C = 4.4 | year high C = 17.6 | Jan mean C = -2.6 | Feb mean C = -1.0 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 10.0 | May mean C = 14.7 | Jun mean C = 19.3 | Jul mean C = 23.3 | Aug mean C = 23.7 | Sep mean C = 18.9 | Oct mean C = 12.5 | Nov mean C = 4.9 | Dec mean C = -0.6 | year mean C = 10.7 | Jan low C = -6.5 | Feb low C = -5.4 | Mar low C = -0.6 | Apr low C = 4.2 | May low C = 8.3 | Jun low C = 12.1 | Jul low C = 16.0 | Aug low C = 16.4 | Sep low C = 11.2 | Oct low C = 6.3 | Nov low C = 0.1 | Dec low C = -4.3 | year low C = 4.9 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 28.0 | Feb precipitation mm = 30.43 | Mar precipitation mm = 42.97 | Apr precipitation mm = 54.84 | May precipitation mm = 59.51 | Jun precipitation mm = 37.65 | Jul precipitation mm = 25.24 | Aug precipitation mm = 15.9 | Sep precipitation mm = 21.24 | Oct precipitation mm = 42.4 | Nov precipitation mm = 36.43 | Dec precipitation mm = 33.4 | year precipitation mm = 428.01

| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm | Jan precipitation days = 5.6 | Feb precipitation days = 6.0 | Mar precipitation days = 7.7 | Apr precipitation days = 9.7 | May precipitation days = 10.3 | Jun precipitation days = 6.9 | Jul precipitation days = 4.3 | Aug precipitation days = 3.3 | Sep precipitation days = 3.9 | Oct precipitation days = 6.0 | Nov precipitation days = 5.4 | Dec precipitation days = 6.0 | year precipitation days = 75.1

| Jan humidity = 69.2 | Feb humidity = 65.7 | Mar humidity = 59.4 | Apr humidity = 57.8 | May humidity = 58.1 | Jun humidity = 53.5 | Jul humidity = 49.4 | Aug humidity = 49.4 | Sep humidity = 51.2 | Oct humidity = 60.2 | Nov humidity = 64.8 | Dec humidity = 71.5 | year humidity = 59.1 | source = NOAA{{cite web |url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Turkiye/CSV/Ispir_17666.csv |title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — İspir |publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date = January 15, 2024}}

Economy

As of 1920, coal was being produced in the area.

Composition

There are 101 neighbourhoods in İspir District:

References

References

  1. [https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  2. "İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri". General Directorate of Mapping.
  3. "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports". [[TÜİK]].
  4. Rayfield, Donald. (2013). "Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia". Reaktion Books.
  5. T. A. Sinclair, "Eastern Turkey an Architectural and Archaeological Survey", Volume 2, 1989, p272
  6. Centered on the modern-day district of İspir, northeastern [[Turkey]], this province is sometimes thought to have been the cradle of the [[Georgian people]] (Suny [1994], p. 11).{{full. (July 2014, It lay in what is frequently referred to as the ''Armeno-Georgian marchlands'' where the two communities coexisted and intermingled for several centuries, but the Georgian Speri and the Armenian [[Sper (Armenia)). Sper]] may not always be absolutely identical (cf. [[Tayk]] and [[Tao-Klarjeti. Tao]], Rapp [2003], p. 14).{{full. (July 2014)
  7. Berdzenishvili et al., ''История Грузии'', p. 129, cited in: Suny (1994), p. 349{{full. (July 2014)
  8. (1989). "Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume I". Pindar Press.
  9. Prothero, W.G.. (1920). "Armenia and Kurdistan". H.M. Stationery Office.
  10. [https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Mahalle], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.

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i̇spirpopulated-places-in-erzurum-provinceformer-provinces-of-georgia-(country)historical-regions-of-georgia-(country)tao-klarjetidistricts-of-erzurum-provincemetropolitan-district-municipalities-in-turkey