.invalid
Reserved top-level domain
title: ".invalid" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["top-level-domains", "internet-properties-established-in-1999"] description: "Reserved top-level domain" topic_path: "general/top-level-domains" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.invalid" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0
::summary Reserved top-level domain ::
::data[format=table title="Infobox Top level domain"]
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| name | invalid |
| introduced | 1999 |
| type | Reserved top-level domain |
| status | Reserved to prevent conflict and confusion |
| intendeduse | When necessary to show an address guaranteed to be invalid |
| actualuse | Session Initiation Protocol, for identity protection; address munging e.g. on Usenet |
| document | |
| :: |
|name=invalid |image= |introduced=1999 |type=Reserved top-level domain |status=Reserved to prevent conflict and confusion |intendeduse=When necessary to show an address guaranteed to be invalid |actualuse=Session Initiation Protocol, for identity protection; address munging e.g. on Usenet |document=
The name invalid is reserved by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as a domain name that may not be installed as a top-level domain in the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet.
Reserved DNS names
In 1999, the Internet Engineering Task Force reserved the DNS labels , , , and so that they may not be installed into the root zone of the Domain Name System.
The reasons for reservation of these top-level domain names is to reduce the likelihood of conflict and confusion. This allows the use of these names for either documentation purposes or in local testing scenarios.
Purpose
This top-level domain is sometimes used as a pseudo domain name in Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) to convey either an error condition or in use of privacy protection. A notable instance of this usage is in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) where the domain name in a SIP URI indicates hiding of a caller's identity.
References
::callout[type=info title="Wikipedia Source"] This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page. ::