Interstate 91

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Interstate Highway in the U.S. states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont

title: "Interstate 91" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["interstate-91", "interstate-highway-system", "interstate-highways-in-connecticut", "interstate-highways-in-massachusetts", "interstate-highways-in-vermont", "transportation-in-hartford,-connecticut", "transportation-in-new-haven,-connecticut", "transportation-in-new-haven-county,-connecticut", "transportation-in-middlesex-county,-connecticut", "transportation-in-hartford-county,-connecticut", "transportation-in-hampden-county,-massachusetts", "transportation-in-hampshire-county,-massachusetts", "transportation-in-franklin-county,-massachusetts", "transportation-in-windham-county,-vermont", "transportation-in-windsor-county,-vermont", "transportation-in-orange-county,-vermont", "transportation-in-caledonia-county,-vermont", "transportation-in-orleans-county,-vermont", "u.s.-route-5"] description: "Interstate Highway in the U.S. states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont" topic_path: "sports" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_91" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Interstate Highway in the U.S. states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont ::

::data[format=table title="Infobox road"]

FieldValue
countryUSA
typeI
route91
map
map_customyes
map_notesI-91 highlighted in red
length_mi290.37
length_ref
established
direction_aSouth
direction_bNorth
terminus_ain New Haven, CT
terminus_bat the Canadian border in Derby Line, VT
junction{{plainlist
*{{jctstate
*{{jctstate
*{{jctstate
*{{jctstate
*{{jctstate
*{{jctstate
*{{jctstate
*{{jctstate
*{{jctstate
*{{jctstate
system1
system2
system3
browse
statesConnecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont
countiesCT: New Haven, Middlesex, Hartford
MA: Hampden, Hampshire, Franklin
VT: Windham, Windsor, Orange, Caledonia, Orleans
::

| country = USA | type = I | route = 91 | map = | map_custom = yes | map_notes = I-91 highlighted in red | length_mi = 290.37 | length_ref = | established = | direction_a = South | direction_b = North | terminus_a = in New Haven, CT | terminus_b = at the Canadian border in Derby Line, VT | junction = {{plainlist|

Route description

|- |CT

58.00 mi
MA
54.99 mi
-
VT
177.38 mi
-
Total
290.33 mi
}
I-91 is 290 mi long and travels north and south: 58 mi in Connecticut, 55 mi in Massachusetts, and 177 mi in Vermont. I-91 parallels US Route 5 (US 5) for all of its length, and many of the exits along I-91 provide direct or indirect access to the older route. Much of the route of I-91 follows the Connecticut River, traveling from Hartford, Connecticut, northward to St. Johnsbury, Vermont.
::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/2016-09-03_08_44_00_View_north_along_Interstate_91_just_north_of_Exit_32_(Trumball_Street-Interstate_84)_in_Hartford,_Hartford_County,_Connecticut.jpg" caption="I-91 in [[Hartford, Connecticut" alt="I-91 in Hartford."]
::

Connecticut

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Interstate_91_North_in_Hartford,_Connecticut.jpg"] ::

I-91 is the major north–south transportation corridor for the center of the state. It is the main route between the larger cities of New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield, Massachusetts. As such, it is almost always heavily trafficked (especially during rush hour) and maintains at least three lanes in each direction through Connecticut except for a short portion in Hartford at the interchange with I-84, and another in Meriden at the interchange with Route 15. The three cities also serve as Connecticut's control points along its length of the Interstate.

I-91 begins just east of Downtown New Haven at an interchange with I-95 (Connecticut Turnpike). At the bottom of the ramp for exit 5, US 5 begins at the first of its many interchanges with the freeway. Leaving New Haven, I-91 follows a northeastward trek into North Haven, where it meets the southern end of the Route 40 expressway. It travels through the eastern part of Wallingford before entering the eastern part of the city of Meriden. In Meriden, about halfway between Hartford and New Haven, I-91 sees a complex set of interchanges with the Wilbur Cross Parkway (Route 15), the Route 66 expressway, and its first spur route, I-691. I-691 provides a westward link to I-84 and the city of Waterbury. Leaving Meriden, I-91 enters Middlesex County as it briefly travels through the western part of Middletown before entering Cromwell, where it has an interchange with the Route 9 expressway.

It then enters Hartford County in the town of Rocky Hill and then enters Wethersfield, meeting the Route 3 expressway, which leads to Glastonbury and the Route 2 expressway via the William H. Putnam Memorial Bridge over the Connecticut River. From there to St. Johnsbury, Vermont, I-91 parallels the river, never more than 5 mi from its west bank. I-91 then enters the Hartford city limits; in that city, it has a set of interchanges with US 5/Route 15 (Wilbur Cross Highway), which provides access from I-91 north to I-84 east, and from I-84 west to I-91 south via the Charter Oak Bridge. I-91 then has an interchange with I-84, where all other transitions to and from I-84 take place. Before leaving the city limits, a high-occupancy vehicle lane begins that has its own set of interchanges up to exit 38.

I-91 then enters Windsor and meets the western end of its other Connecticut spur route, I-291. At the Windsor–Windsor Locks town line, it meets the eastern terminus of the Route 20 expressway, which provides direct access to Bradley International Airport. A couple of miles further north, I-91 crosses the Connecticut River on the Dexter Coffin Bridge into East Windsor. After traveling through East Windsor and Enfield, it crosses the state line, at milepost 58, into Longmeadow, Massachusetts.

Massachusetts

I-91 extends 55 mi through the Pioneer Valley of western Massachusetts paralleling the Connecticut River. I-91 serves as the major transportation corridor through three Massachusetts counties, linking the cities of Springfield, Northampton, and Greenfield. These three cities serve as the control cities listed on guide and mileage signs, along with Brattleboro, Vermont, beginning with the first northbound conventional mileage sign (63 mi) in Longmeadow.

In Springfield, I-91 has an interchange with I-291 at exit 6 (old exit 8), a 5.44 mi spur going eastbound to connect with the Massachusetts Turnpike, for travelers going either east toward Boston or west toward Albany, New York. North of Springfield, I-91 briefly enters Chicopee, there is an interchange with its spur, I-391, at exit 9 (old exit 12) before turning westward to cross the Connecticut River into West Springfield. I-391 provides direct access to Holyoke, while I-91 continues on the western side of the river.

Just after the river crossing, exit 11 (old exit 14) is a major interchange with the Massachusetts Turnpike (I-90). Then, I-91 enters the city of Holyoke where exit 12 (old exit 15) is located. Just after an interchange with US 202, (exit 16) I-91 goes from three lanes to two lanes in each direction to the Vermont state line. After a short exit-less stretch, I-91 enters Northampton, passing the Northampton Airport and an oxbow lake. The towns of Hadley and Amherst, home to the main campus of the University of Massachusetts Amherst, are accessible from I-91 exits in Northampton via Route 9.

Continuing north, I-91 enters Hatfield, where it begins a straight section—nearly 6 mi without a bend in the road. Several exits provide access to US 5 and Route 10 in Hatfield and Whately before entering Deerfield. I-91 has two exits in Greenfield. At exit 43 (old exit 26), the southern end of its overlap with Route 2, there is a rest area and visitor information center for Franklin County. At exit 46 (old exit 27), also in Greenfield, is the northern end of its overlap with Route 2 where access to that road is provided via a directional T interchange and exit and entry ramps on the left side of southbound I-91. Exit 50 (old exit 28) in Bernardston is the last exit in Massachusetts. Beyond exit 50, I-91 continues for about 5 mi more before crossing into Vermont.

Massachusetts is the only state traversed by I-91 where another numbered highway is concurrent with the Interstate (in this case, US 5, for a 0.5 mi spur near the Springfield–Longmeadow town line and Route 2, for approximately 3 mi in Greenfield).

Vermont

I-91 traverses the entire length of Vermont and serves as a major transportation corridor for eastern Vermont and western New Hampshire. Due to its routing along the Connecticut River separating the two states, many exits along Vermont's length of I-91 feature New Hampshire towns on the guide signs (for example, exit 3, which lists Brattleboro and Keene, New Hampshire, as the points of access). The length of I-91 within Vermont is 177 mi and has two lanes in each direction the entire way from the Massachusetts state line to the Canada–United States border (nearly two-thirds of I-91's length) with 29 Vermont interchanges. The highway's rural character and long distances between exits in Vermont are in stark contrast to its south, where exits are more frequent and the road carries four lanes of traffic in each direction at some points. The major control cities in Vermont are Brattleboro, White River Junction, St. Johnsbury, and Newport. When entering northbound I-91 at exit 28 in Derby, the control city sign is for Canada. Of these destinations, only Newport is a city, although the other towns are sizable. In general, the road parallels its predecessor, US 5.

I-91 enters Vermont in the town of Guilford. Just before exit 1 in Brattleboro is the Vermont Welcome Center in Guilford. The first three Vermont exits (northbound) serve the town of Brattleboro. At exit 1, northbound US 5 provides access to stores and a small industrial area before reaching the south end of the town's center, where a bridge crosses the Connecticut River into Hinsdale, New Hampshire, via New Hampshire Route 119 (NH 119). Exit 2 (Vermont Route 9 [VT 9]) provides access to the western village of the town (West Brattleboro), then continues west to Marlboro, Wilmington, and Bennington. Brattleboro's main retail strip is located at and just south of the exit 3 trumpet interchange and traffic circle. Following VT 9 eastward, one can reach Keene, New Hampshire, in 15 mi.

After exit 3, I-91 heads north to travel through the communities of Dummerston, Putney, Westminster, North Westminster, Bellows Falls, Springfield, Weathersfield, Windsor, Hartland, North Hartland and White River Junction. White River Junction, listed as a control city on mileage signs as far south as Greenfield, Massachusetts, is where I-91 and I-89 meet and provide access to many points in Vermont and New Hampshire, at exit 10.

North of the interchange with I-89, I-91 continues toward St. Johnsbury and travels through Wilder and Norwich. It enters Orange County, passing through Thetford, Fairlee, Bradford, Newbury, and Wells River. It continues into the Caledonia County communities of Ryegate, Barnet and Waterford, before coming to its next major intersection in St. Johnsbury at the northern terminus of I-93, providing access to the White Mountains of New Hampshire and the Greater Boston area. Along this stretch of highway between White River Junction and St. Johnsbury, towns in Grafton County, New Hampshire, on the other side of the river can also be easily accessed. Just after exit 19, there are three exits for St. Johnsbury, including a major intersection with US 2. Along westbound US 2, the capital of Vermont, Montpelier, is eventually reached from I-91, although I-89 provides Montpelier with immediate Interstate access.

I-91 continues northward, now following the Passumpsic River valley. It travels through Vermont's Northeast Kingdom region and the town of Lyndon. Two exits in Lyndon serve the village of Lyndonville and Lyndon State College. After exit 24, I-91 departs US 5, which it had been closely paralleling since the Massachusetts state line. I-91 follows the valley of Miller Run,Miller Run feeds southeast into the Passumpsic River. and there are no convenient services until Barton at exit 25.

The Interstate proceeds through Sheffield. Here, it reaches the highest point on the highway, just north of milemarker 150 on Sheffield Heights, elevation 1856 ft.

After leaving Sheffield Heights, it enters Orleans County and follows the Barton River valley north with exits in Barton, Orleans, and Derby. Exit 29 is the final US exit on I-91 just after milemarker 177 at Derby Line. Beyond this exit, northbound motorists enter Canada Customs at Stanstead, Quebec, and continue into Canada on Quebec Autoroute 55 through the Eastern Townships.

As with Connecticut and Massachusetts, US 5 closely parallels I-91 for their entire lengths in Vermont. While paralleling I-91 in Vermont, US 5 is never concurrent with the freeway but remains its own two-lane highway, except for a portion in White River Junction where it is a four-lane, divided, surface arterial freeway.

Traffic and the population of each successive town tend to diminish as the road proceeds northward. The average daily traffic count for 2015 in Vermont were—St. Johnsbury (34,000), Lyndon (17,900), Barton (13,500), and Derby (Canada–United States border) (10,300). File:Yale University I-91.jpg|alt=A series of highway ramps with multiple cars on them. A body of water is next to them, and they are surrounded by buildings.|The beginning of I-91 in New Haven, Connecticut File:2016-09-03 08 43 40 View north along Interstate 91 at Exit 32 (Trumball Street-Interstate 84) in Hartford, Hartford County, Connecticut.jpg|I-91 north at exit 32 (I-84 west) in Hartford, Connecticut File:I91 Connecticut.jpg|alt=Both sides of a highway with a grass plot in the middle of the roads. Street lamps surround the middle, and several cars are on the roads. The roads have an HOV diamond on them.|I-91 has an HOV lane between Hartford and Windsor, Connecticut. File:I-91-Vermont.JPG|alt=A four-lane highway in snowy weather, curving left with several cars on it. An exit sign and mountains are in the distance.|I-91 looking northbound in Brattleboro, Vermont File:I91 rockingham vt 20081220.jpg|alt=A snowy highway road that is icy and looking toward forests and mountains.|Northbound I-91 just north of exit 6 in Rockingham, Vermont File:I-91 in Wheelock VT.jpg|alt=A four-lane highway in the woods looking toward mountains on a sunny day.|Southbound I-91 in Wheelock, Vermont

History

A limited-access highway replacement for US 5 was planned at the federal level starting in 1944. A 1953 Massachusetts plan was funded by the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, along with spur I-291 (but not I-391). The Vermont section of I-91 was built in stages from 1958 to 1965. In Massachusetts from Bernardston to Northampton, I-91 follows an abandoned right-of-way of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. To support plans for urban renewal along the "low value" waterfront, the highway crossed the Connecticut River to parallel active New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad tracks on the Springfield side of the river, bypassing West Springfield and Agawam, Massachusetts. Later, this path was perceived as cutting off the city from the river, restricting further commercial development. By 1960, a few miles in Massachusetts were completed, starting from the Connecticut and Vermont state lines. Massachusetts construction was completed from 1960s to 1970.

In the 1950s–1970s, there were plans to extend I-91 to Wading River, New York, from its existing terminus in New Haven, Connecticut, via a crossing of the Long Island Sound (see "Unbuilt Long Island extension" below). Vermont completed its last sections of I-91 in 1978.

Starting in the 1990s, several rest areas were downgraded in Vermont, increasing distances between facilities. In 2008, Vermont closed the Springfield–Rockingham rest areas because of suspected use by drug abusers. In 2009, the northbound rest area in Hartford was closed, creating a 90 mi gap in on-highway facilities. At the present time, there exist two intermediate rest areas with facilities in each direction, in addition to a welcome center at each end of the state. Several parking areas remain open.

In the early 1990s after the I-284 project was canceled, the exit 44 interchange in East Windsor, Connecticut, was altered as it was designed to be part of the freeway. After alterations, exit 44 connected to US 5 for all traffic to get on and off. As a result, exit 43 was shut down and closed in that same time frame. Exit 43 was a northbound exit/southbound entrance on Route 510/Main Street in East Windsor, which was about 320 m away from exit 44.

After the September 11 attacks, a seldom-staffed temporary border patrol checkpoint was installed near White River Junction, Vermont, about 100 mi from the Canada–United States border.

In 2005, the Massachusetts Highway Department completed a rebuild of on- and offramps in Springfield to reduce accidents caused by weaving near the tightly spaced exits.

Impact in Springfield, MA

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/I-91_Springfield_viaduct_meets_completion,_Massachusetts_Dept_of_Public_Works.jpg" caption="St. Joseph's Church]] and the Campanile can be seen in the foreground, as well as an incomplete Tower Square."] ::

During its construction in the 1960s, I-91 sliced through three Springfield neighborhoods: the North End, Metro Center, and South End, which led to urban decay in the highway's vicinity. Springfield's portion of the Interstate was widely regarded as positive progress when it was built. However, by the 2010s, it would come to be perceived as disrupting the urban fabric of riverfront neighborhoods while effectively disconnecting the Connecticut River, the Connecticut River Walk Park and the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame from everything east of the highway—the majority of the city. I-91 was erected without tunnels, footbridges or other paths, a design choice which poses logistical problems for travel between the riverfront and the remainder of the city. This, in turn, poses problems for businesses that would like to set up along the riverfront. The placement of I-91 has left Springfield's riverfront virtually undeveloped, aside from the sliver of land surrounding the Basketball Hall of Fame.

In 2010, the Urban Land Institute made recommendations for how Springfield might reconnect with its riverfront, in order to revitalize the area through urban renewal, suggesting the most cost-effective but also the most development-limiting strategy (constructing pathways beneath I-91). No decision has been reached regarding those recommendations. , academic and civic studies are still underway. Preliminary findings indicate that I-91's placement negatively impacts tourism in Springfield's Metro Center—the site of many of Springfield's historic, cultural, and entertainment venues. Springfield's most popular tourist attraction, the riverfront Basketball Hall of Fame, is separated from Metro Center by a 20 ft stone wall, buttressing an elevated portion of the six-lane I-91 and greatly discouraging travel between the two areas. Academic suggestions that involve the demolition of the current highway and moving it to a less obtrusive site in the city have been proposed, including the demolition of the highway and following the original path suggested, Riverdale Road, and, least obtrusive but still requiring a great deal of work, a plan to construct numerous walkways beneath the elevated highway to better integrate the neighborhoods with the waterfront despite the highway's presence.

Unbuilt Long Island extension

Between the 1950s and 1970s, officials proposed extending I-91 across the Long Island Sound from its current terminus at the I-91/I-95 interchange in New Haven, Connecticut, to Wading River, New York, by means of a bridge over the Long Island Sound, as one of the many Long Island Sound Link proposals. The extension would have continued southward from Wading River to the southern shore of Long Island by the existing County Route 46 (William Floyd Parkway) in central Suffolk County—which would have been updated to Interstate Highway standards. It would also provide easier access to New York City via the Long Island Expressway (I-495), as well as to the Hamptons via New York State Route 27 (Sunrise Highway). The various proposals for this never-built extension were ultimately dropped after a 1979 study of the concept. Following this, officials proposed to connect the New Haven and Shoreham–Wading River areas by means of ferry service across the Long Island Sound—however, the plans to implement these cross-sound ferry services were ultimately mothballed, as well.

Despite the cancelation of the bridge, many Long Islanders are still in favor of building one. In 2000, a survey was conducted by News 12 Networks and Newsday, which found that the majority (63 percent) of Long Islanders were in support of such a project.

In 2016, the proposal was again renewed by New York Governor Andrew Cuomo, as either a bridge or a tunnel. However, these plans were also dropped, as announced by the New York State Department of Transportation in 2018.

Exit list

All interchanges in Massachusetts were to be renumbered to milepost-based numbers under a project scheduled to start in 2016. However, this project was indefinitely postponed until November 18, 2019, when the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT) confirmed that, beginning in the middle of 2020, the exit renumbering project will begin. On March 1, 2021, MassDOT confirmed that the exit renumbering on I-91 will start on March 3, and it will last for two weeks. In 2020, Vermont added "milepoint exit" numbers to existing signs, essentially marking each interchange with two exit numbers. Connecticut will not implement the new exit numbers on I-91 until approximately 2027.

|length_ref= |location_ref=

|exit_ref= }} |sspan=57 |county=New Haven |cspan=23 |location=New Haven |lspan=9 |mile=0.00 |old=— |exit=1A |road= |notes=Southern terminus and Northbound exit and southbound entrance; exit 48 on I-95 |mile=0.09 |type=incomplete |old=1 |exit=1B |road= |notes=Southbound exit and northbound entrance; signed as MLK Boulevard; former Route 34 |mile= |type=incomplete |old=— |exit=1C |road= |notes=Southbound exit and northbound entrance; exit 48 on I-95 |mile=0.63 |type=incomplete |old=2 |exit=1D |road=Hamilton Street |notes=Southbound exit and northbound entrance |mile=0.99 |mile2=1.02 |old=3 |exit=1E |road=Trumbull Street |notes=Signed as exit 1 northbound |mile=1.30 |old=4 (SB) 5 (NB) |exit=2A |road= |notes=US 5 not signed southbound; southern terminus of US 5 |mile=1.44 |mile2=2.15 |mspan=2 |old=6 |exit=2B |road= |notes=US 5 not signed northbound |mile=none |type=incomplete |old=7 |exit=2C |road=Ferry Street – Fair Haven |notes=Southbound exit and northbound entrance |mile=2.78 |old=8 |exit=3 |road= |notes=Southern terminus of Route 17; western terminus of Route 80 |location=North Haven |lspan=4 |mile=4.81 |old=9 |exit=4 |road=Montowese Avenue |mile=6.63 |old=10 |exit=6 |road= |notes=Also serves Quinnipiac University; southern terminus and exits 1A and 1C on Route 40 |mile=7.72 |type=incomplete |old=11 |exit=7 |road= |notes=Northbound exit and southbound entrance |mile=8.58 |old=12 |exit=8 |road= |location=Wallingford |lspan=4 |mile=10.94 |old=13 |exit=11 |road= |notes=Access via SR 702; Signed for Wallingford northbound, North Haven southbound |mile=12.30 |old=14 |ospan=2 |exit=12 |espan=2 |type=incomplete |road= |notes=Northbound exit and southbound entrance |mile=13.25 |type=incomplete |road= |notes=Southbound exit and northbound entrance |mile=16.01 |old=15 |exit=16 |road= |location=Meriden |lspan=6 |mile=19.22 |type=incomplete |old=16 |exit=18 |road=East Main Street |notes=Northbound exit and southbound entrance |mile=18.87 |old=17 |ospan=2 |exit=19 |espan=2 |type=incomplete |road= |notes=Northbound exit and southbound entrance; Wilbur Cross Parkway signed as Berlin Turnpike |mile=19.74 |type=incomplete |road= |notes=Southbound exit and northbound entrance; exit 64A on Wilbur Cross Parkway |mile=20.11 |mspan=2 |old=18 |ospan=2 |exit=20 |espan=2 |type=incomplete |road= |notes=No southbound exit; western terminus of Route 66 |mile=none |type=incomplete |road= |notes=Southbound exit and northbound entrance; eastern terminus and exit 1A on I-691 |mile=21.14 |type=incomplete |old=19 |exit=21 |road=Baldwin Avenue / Preston Avenue |notes=Southbound exit and northbound entrance |county=Middlesex |cspan=3 |location=Middletown |mile=23.16 |old=20 |exit=23 |road=Country Club Road / Middle Street |location=Cromwell |lspan=2 |mile=25.74 |old=21 |exit=26 |road= |mile=27.28 |mile2=27.43 |old=22N-S |exit=27-28 |road= |notes=Old Saybrook not signed northbound; Signed as exits 27 (Route 9 north) and 28 (Route 9 south) southbound; exits 29 and 30 on Route 9 |county=Hartford |cspan=31 |location=Rocky Hill |lspan=2 |mile=29.39 |old=23 |exit=29 |road= |notes=Access via SSR 411 |mile=31.67 |old=24 |exit=31 |road= |notes=Former Route 9 |location=Wethersfield |lspan=2 |mile=33.67 |mile2=34.13 |mspan=2 |old=25 |exit=33-34A |type=incomplete |road= |notes=Signed as exits 33 (Route 3 north) and 34A (Route 3 south) southbound; no northbound access to Route 3 south; exits 11A and 11B on Route 3 |mile=none |type= |old=26 |exit=34B |road=Old Wethersfield |notes=Access via Marsh Street |location=Hartford |lspan=8 |mile=35.54 |mile2=36.55 |mspan=2 |type=incomplete |old=27 |exit=36A |road= Brainard Road / Airport Road (SR 530 west) |notes=Northbound exit and southbound entrance |type=incomplete |mile=none |old=28-29 |exit=36B-C |road= |notes=Signed as exits 36B (Route 15 south) and 36C (Route 15 north); no southbound access to Route 15 north; US 5 / Route 15 Berlin Turnpike not signed northbound |mile=37.55 |old=29A |exit=37 |road=Capitol Area |notes=Access via SR 598; former proposed I-484; northbound left exit |mile=38.18 |mile2=38.47 |mspan=3 |old=32 |exit=39 |road= |notes=Signed as exits 62B and 62C on I-84 |mile=none |type=incomplete |old=30 |exit=38A |road= |notes=Southbound exit and northbound entrance; exit 62B on I-84 |mile=none |type=incomplete |old=31 |exit=38B |road=State Street |notes=No northbound exit; access via Route 2 |mile=39.55 |old= |exit=♦ |type=hov |road=Leibert Road |notes=Southbound exit and northbound entrance for HOV only; southern terminus of HOV lanes |mile=39.86 |old=33 |exit=40 |road=Jennings Road |location=Windsor |lspan=8 |mile=41.14 |old=34 |exit=41 |road= |notes=Signed for Route 159 northbound, Main Street southbound |mile=42.20 |mile2=42.22 |old=35A-B |exit=42 |road= |notes=Signed as exits 42A (I-291 east) and 42B (Route 218) southbound; exits 1A and 1C on I-291 |mile=42.22 |type=hov |old= |exit=♦ |road= |notes=Northbound exit and southbound entrance for HOV only |mile=43.52 |old=36 |exit=43 |road= |mile=44.50 |old=37 |exit=44 |type=hov |road= |notes=Additional northbound exit and southbound entrance for HOV lanes |type=hov |mile=45.99 |mspan=2 |old= |exit=♦ |road= |notes=Northbound exit and southbound entrance for HOV only |mile=none |old=38 |exit=46 |road= |mile=46.69 |mile2=46.98 |type=hov |place=Northern terminus of HOV lanes |location=Windsor Locks |lspan=4 |mile=47.44 |type=incomplete |old=39-41 |exit=47 |road=Kennedy Road to Center Street |notes=Northbound exit and southbound entrance |mile=48.22 |old=40 |exit=48 |road= |notes=Eastern terminus of Route 20 |type=incomplete |mile=48.62 |old=41-39 |exit=49A |road=Center Street |notes=Southbound exit only |mile=49.58 |old=42 |exit=49B |road= |notes=Signed as exit 49 northbound |location_special=Connecticut River |mile=49.58 |mile2=49.90 |bridge=Dexter Coffin Bridge |location=East Windsor |lspan=2 |mile=50.33 |old=44 |exit=50 |road= |mile=51.09 |old=45 |exit=51 |road= |location=Enfield |lspan=4 |mile=52.74 |old=46 |exit=53 |road= |mile=55.57 |old=47A-B |exit=55A-B |road= |notes=Signed as exits 55A (Route 190 east) and 55B (Route 190 west) |mile=56.10 |old=48 |exit=56 |road= |mile=57.73 |old=49 |exit=57 |road= |river= |river_wide=yes |mile=58.00 |mile2=0.000 |line=yes |place=Connecticut–Massachusetts state line |sspan=28 |county=Hampden |cspan=17 |location=Springfield |lspan=11 |mile=3.836 |old=— |exit=1 |type=concur |road= |notes=Southbound exit and northbound entrance; southern end of US 5 concurrency |mile=3.694 |type=incomplete |old=— |exit=2 |road= |notes=No southbound exit |mile=4.142 |type=concur |old=— |exit=3 |road= |notes=Columbus Avenue not signed southbound; northern end of US 5 concurrency |mile=4.568 |old=54 |exit=4 |ospan=2 |espan=2 |type=incomplete |road=Broad Street / Main Street |notes=Northbound exit only |mile=4.722 |type=incomplete |road= |notes=Southbound exit only |mile=5.253 |old=6 |exit=5A |road=Union Street / MGM Way – Downtown Springfield |notes=Signed as exit 5 northbound; Union Street not signed northbound |mile=5.989 |type=incomplete |old=7 |exit=5B |road=Hall of Fame Avenue – Downtown Springfield |notes=Southbound exit and northbound entrance |mile=6.295 |old=8 |exit=6 |road= |notes=I-90 not signed southbound; western terminus and exits 1A and 1B on I-291 |mile=6.677 |type=incomplete |old=9 |exit=7A-B |road= |notes=No southbound exit; signed as exits 7A (Route 20A east) and 7B (Route 20 west) |mile=7.176 |type=incomplete |old=1011 |ospan=2 |exit=8 |espan=2 |road= |notes=Northbound exit and entrance |mile=7.481 |type=incomplete |road= |notes=Southbound exit only |location=Chicopee |mile=8.289 |old=12 |exit=9 |road= |notes=Southern terminus and exits 1A and 1B on I-391 |location=West Springfield |mile=9.177 |mile2=9.184 |old=13A-B |exit=10A-B |road= |notes=Signed as exits 10A (Route 5 north) and 10B (Route 5 south) |mile=11.547 |location1=West Springfield |location2=Holyoke |old=14 |exit=11 |road= |notes=Exit 45 on I-90 / Mass Pike; US 5 not signed |location=Holyoke |lspan=3 |mile=12.396 |old=15 |exit=12 |road=Lower Westfield Road – Ingleside |mile=14.218 |old=16 |exit=14 |road= |mile=15.188 |old=17 |exit=15 |road= |notes=Signed as exits 15A (Route 141 east) and 15B (Route 141 west) northbound |county=Hampshire |cspan=5 |location=Northampton |lspan=4 |mile=22.816 |old=18 |exit=23 |road= |notes=Also serves Smith College |mile=24.760 |type=incomplete |old=19 |exit=25 |road= |notes=Northbound exit and southbound entrance; also serves Cooley Dickinson Hospital, Northampton VA Hospital |mile=26.016 |type=incomplete |old=20 |exit=26 |road= |notes=Southbound exit and northbound entrance |mile=27.277 |old=21 |exit=27 |road= |location=Hatfield |mile=29.938 |type=incomplete |old=22 |exit=30 |road= |notes=Northbound exit and southbound entrance |county=Franklin |cspan=6 |location=Whately |lspan=2 |mile=32.309 |type=incomplete |old=23 |exit=32 |road= |notes=Southbound exit only |mile=34.709 |type=incomplete |old=24 |exit=35 |road= |notes=No northbound entrance |location=Deerfield |mile=35.891 |type=incomplete |old=25 |exit=36 |road= |notes=Southbound exit and northbound entrance |mile=43.011 |type=concur |location=Greenfield |lspan=2 |old=26 |exit=43 |road= |notes=Southern end of Route 2 concurrency; also serves John W. Olver Transit Center, Mass MoCA, Shelburne Falls, Bridge of Flowers |mile=45.752 |type=concur |old=27 |exit=46 |road= |notes=Northern end of Route 2 concurrency; left exit and entrance southbound |location=Bernardston |mile=50.360 |old=28 |exit=50 |road= |notes=Signed as exits 50A (Route 10 north) and 50B (Route 10 south) northbound |river= |river_wide=yes |mile=54.90 |mile2=0.000 |line=yes |place=Massachusetts–Vermont state line |sspan=31 |county=Windham |cspan=6 |location=Brattleboro |lspan=3 |mile=7.480 |old=1 |exit=7 |road= |notes=Also serves Vernon and Hinsdale, NH |mile=9.095 |old=2 |exit=8 |road= |notes=Also serves Manchester via VT 30, Marlboro College, and Wilmington |mile=11.550 |old=3 |exit=11 |road= |notes=Also serves World Learning SIT Graduate Institute |location=Putney |mile=17.952 |old=4 |exit=18 |road= |notes=Also serves Landmark College |location=Westminster |area=town |mile=28.610 |old=5 |exit=28 |road= |location=Rockingham |mile=35.200 |old=6 |exit=35 |road= |notes=Also serves Chester and Ludlow |county=Windsor |cspan=7 |location=Springfield |mile=41.690 |old=7 |exit=41 |road= |notes=Also serves Charlestown, NH and the Fort at Number 4 |location=Weathersfield |mile=51.370 |old=8 |exit=51 |road= |notes=Also serves Ludlow and Claremont, NH; Romaine Tenney Memorial Park at exit |location=Hartland |mile=60.450 |old=9 |exit=60 |road= |notes=Also serves Woodstock and Killington |location=Hartford |lspan=3 |mile=69.810 |old=10 |exit=69 |road= |notes=Signed as exits 69A (I-89 south) and 69B (I-89 north); exits 1A and 1B on I-89 |mile=70.200 |old=11 |exit=70 |road= |notes=Also serves VA Hospital |mile=72.010 |old=12 |exit=72 |road= |location=Norwich |mile=74.830 |old=13 |exit=74 |road= |notes=Also serves Montshire Museum of Science |county=Orange |cspan=4 |location=Thetford |mile=84.210 |old=14 |exit=84 |road= |notes=Also serves Chelsea and Lyme, NH |location=Fairlee |mile=91.540 |old=15 |exit=91 |road= |notes=Also serves Lake Morey and Lake Fairlee |location=Bradford |mile=97.630 |old=16 |exit=97 |road= |notes=Also serves Newbury and Piermont, NH |location=Newbury |area=town |mile=110.340 |old=17 |exit=110 |road= |notes=Also serves South Ryegate and Groton |county=Caledonia |cspan=7 |location=Barnet |mile=120.450 |old=18 |exit=120 |road= |notes=Also serves West Barnet, Monroe, NH, McIndoe Falls, and East Ryegate |location=St. Johnsbury |lspan=4 |mile=128.250 |old=19 |exit=128 |road= |notes=Tri-stack interchange; northern terminus and exits 11A and 11B on I-93 |mile=128.890 |old=20 |exit=129 |road= |mile=130.600 |old=21 |exit=130 |road= |notes=Also serves Danville and Hardwick |mile=132.550 |old=22 |exit=132 |road= |location=Lyndon |lspan=2 |mile=137.110 |old=23 |exit=137 |road= |notes=Also serves Vermont State University-Lyndon |mile=140.178 |old=24 |exit=140 |road= |notes=Also serves Caledonia County Airport |county=Orleans |cspan=7 |location=Barton |mile=155.950 |old=25 |exit=155 |road= |notes=Also serves Hardwick and Crystal Lake |location1=Barton |location2=Orleans |location3=Irasburg |mile=161.410 |old=26 |exit=161 |road= |notes=Also serves Lake Willoughby and Jay |location=Derby |lspan=5 |mile=170.060 |old=27 |exit=170 |road= |notes=Also serves Lake Memphremagog |mile=172.400 |old=28 |exit=172 |road= |notes=Also serves Seymour Lake and Lake Memphremagog |mile=177.269 |old=29 |exit=177 |road= |notes=Last exit in the United States |mile=177.432 |mspan=2 |place=Derby Line–Rock Island Border Crossing |mile=none |old= |exit= |road= |notes=Continuation into Quebec

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/I-91_in_Hartford_CT.jpg" caption="I-91 looking north in Downtown Hartford at the I-84 interchange. The [[Bulkeley Bridge]] is visible to the right." alt="A highway interchange with 6 roads visible with several cars on the road. A building is on the left side of the interchange."] ::

Explanatory notes

References

References

  1. Starks, Edward. (January 27, 2022). "Table 1: Main Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways". [[Federal Highway Administration]].
  2. Public Roads Administration. (August 14, 1957). "Official Route Numbering for the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways as Adopted by the American Association of State Highway Officials". Public Roads Administration.
  3. "New Haven, CT".
  4. "Background Information on the Interstate". Town of Berlin, Connecticut.
  5. (2003). "Massachusetts Off the Beaten Path: A Guide to Unique Places". Globe Pequot Press.
  6. Nahrgang, Vernon. (2003). "Fodor's91 New England". Fodor's Travel Publications.
  7. (2011). "Fun with the Family Connecticut: Hundreds of Ideas for Day Trips with the Kids". Rowman & Littlefield.
  8. Bureau of Planning and Research. (August 1984). "I-91 Reconstruction from Hartford to Enfield; I-291 Construction from Windsor to Manchester: Environmental Impact Statement". [Connecticut Department of Transportation].
  9. Connecticut Department of Transportation. "ConnDOT: Nighttime Installation of Rumble Strips on Route 40 in North Haven and Hamden and I-91 in Wallingford". Connecticut Department of Transportation.
  10. "Route 9 Interchange".
  11. "Interchanges". Boston region Metropolitan Planning Organization.
  12. "Interstate Route I-91 Corridor Planning Study". Pioneer Valley Planning Commission.
  13. Connecticut Department of Transportation. "Department of Transportation Event Detail". The State of Connecticut.
  14. (June 28, 2017). "I-84 HOV Lanes-Hartford, Connecticut". Federal Highway Administration.
  15. "Highway Log". Connecticut Department of Transportation.
  16. (2013). "Insiders' Guide to Massachusetts". Rowman & Littlefield.
  17. (January 2, 2018). "I-91 Springfield viaduct project ahead of schedule". Greenfield Recorder.
  18. (April 8, 2016). "Cone Zone Alert: Interstate 91 Exit 8". [[WWLP-TV]].
  19. "I-91 to 40 Old State Rd".
  20. "Service Plaza Locations".
  21. "Concurrent Roads". ctps.org.
  22. "Interstate 91 in Vermont".
  23. (2009). "Explorer's Guide Vermont". The Countryman Press.
  24. (2010). "Explorer's Guide New Hampshire". The Countryman Press.
  25. "Vermont Border to Franklin Pierce Highway".
  26. "I-91 to I-91".
  27. (2018). "Explorer's Guide Vermont". The Countryman Press.
  28. "White River Junction to St. Johnsbury".
  29. "Passumpsic River Valley". Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation.
  30. "Trucker's Exit Guide to Interstate 91". Trucker Guide Inc..
  31. "Highest Elevation on I-91 - Sheffield, Vermont - Elevation Signs on Waymarking.com". Waymarking.
  32. "I-91 to 1 Autoroute 55".
  33. "Vermont I-91 Exits". Vermont Transportation.
  34. (2004). "Fodor's Where to Weekend Around Boston, 1st Edition". Fodor's Travel Publications.
  35. "I-91 to 1 Autoroute 55 Route 5 Parallel".
  36. "Interstate 91 Traffic Statistics". Vermont Agency of Transportation.
  37. (November 21, 2013). "Building of Vermont section". digital.vpr.net.
  38. (January 14, 2016). "I-91 Springfield: MassDOT answers your questions about Interstate 91 reconstruction".
  39. Madden, Steve. "Spanning the Sound". Newsday.
  40. Division for Historic Preservation. (n.d.). "Vermont History Timeline". [[Vermont Agency of Commerce and Community Development]].
  41. (December 10, 2008). "Drugs, Sex Force Rest Stop Closure". [[Rutland Herald]].
  42. American Civil Liberties Union of Vermont. (n.d.). "Border Patrol Stops". American Civil Liberties Union of Vermont.
  43. The Republican Editorials. (February 26, 2010). "Editorial: Tapping Potential of Springfield's Riverfront". MassLive.
  44. Office of Planning and Economic Development. (2008). "River's Landing Project". City of Springfield, MA.
  45. (January 29, 2016). "Long term solutions: What could become of I-91 in Springfield?". WWLP-TV.
  46. Stannard, Charles. (May 14, 2002). "The Bridge That Never Was: Cable Flap Brings To Mind Sound-Crossing Controversy". [[Hartford Courant]].
  47. Anderson, Steve. (July 2020). "William Floyd Parkway". NYCRoads.
  48. (July 2020). "Shoreham-New Haven Bridge (I-91, unbuilt)".
  49. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. (2015). "Bid Solicitation FAP# HSIP-002S(874) Exit Signage Conversion to Milepost-Based Numbering System along Various Interstates, Routes and the Lowell Connector". COMMBUYS.
  50. "Vermont Exit Numbering". Vermont Agency of Transportation.
  51. "Exit Renumbering: Frequently Asked Questions". Connecticut Department of Transportation.
  52. Planning Division. (2012). "Route Selection Page". [[Massachusetts Department of Transportation]].
  53. ((Policy, Planning and Intermodal Development Division Traffic Research Unit)). (May 2013). "2012 (Route Log) AADTs for State Highways". [[Vermont Agency of Transportation]].
  54. ((Bureau of Policy and Planning Data Inventory and Statewide Coordination Division of Systems Information)). (December 31, 2014). "Highway Log: Connecticut State Numbered Routes And Roads as of December 31, 2014". [[Connecticut Department of Transportation]].
  55. (2014). "Exit Numbers and Names: Route I-91 (Longmeadow to Bernardston)". [[Massachusetts Department of Transportation]].
  56. (December 5, 2019). "I-91 Renumbering". [[Massachusetts Department of Transportation]].

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