Hyperbolic volume

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title: "Hyperbolic volume" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["knot-theory", "hyperbolic-geometry", "knot-invariants"] description: "Normalized hyperbolic volume of the complement of a hyperbolic knot" topic_path: "science/mathematics" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_volume" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Normalized hyperbolic volume of the complement of a hyperbolic knot ::

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Blue_Figure-Eight_Knot.png" caption="figure-eight knot]] is 2.0298832."] ::

In the mathematical field of knot theory, the hyperbolic volume of a hyperbolic link is the volume of the link's complement with respect to its complete hyperbolic metric. The volume is necessarily a finite real number, and is a topological invariant of the link. As a link invariant, it was first studied by William Thurston in connection with his geometrization conjecture.

Knot and link invariant

A hyperbolic link is a link in the 3-sphere whose complement (the space formed by removing the link from the 3-sphere) can be given a complete Riemannian metric of constant negative curvature, giving it the structure of a hyperbolic 3-manifold, a quotient of hyperbolic space by a group acting freely and discontinuously on it. The components of the link will become cusps of the 3-manifold, and the manifold itself will have finite volume. By Mostow rigidity, when a link complement has a hyperbolic structure, this structure is uniquely determined, and any geometric invariants of the structure are also topological invariants of the link. In particular, the hyperbolic volume of the complement is a knot invariant. In order to make it well-defined for all knots or links, the hyperbolic volume of a non-hyperbolic knot or link is often defined to be zero.

There are only finitely many hyperbolic knots for any given volume. A mutation of a hyperbolic knot will have the same volume,{{citation | last = Ruberman | first = Daniel | doi = 10.1007/BF01389038 | issue = 1 | journal = Inventiones Mathematicae | mr = 906585 | pages = 189–215 | title = Mutation and volumes of knots in S3 | volume = 90 | year = 1987| bibcode = 1987InMat..90..189R | last = Wielenberg | first = Norbert J. | contribution = Hyperbolic 3-manifolds which share a fundamental polyhedron | location = Princeton, N.J. | mr = 624835 | pages = 505–513 | publisher = Princeton Univ. Press | series = Ann. of Math. Stud. | title = Riemann surfaces and related topics: Proceedings of the 1978 Stony Brook Conference (State Univ. New York, Stony Brook, N.Y., 1978) | volume = 97 | year = 1981}}. In practice, hyperbolic volume has proven very effective in distinguishing knots, utilized in some of the extensive efforts at knot tabulation. Jeffrey Weeks's computer program SnapPea is the ubiquitous tool used to compute hyperbolic volume of a link.{{citation | last1 = Adams | first1 = Colin | author1-link = Colin Adams (mathematician) | last2 = Hildebrand | first2 = Martin | last3 = Weeks | first3 = Jeffrey | author3-link = Jeffrey Weeks (mathematician) | doi = 10.2307/2001854 | issue = 1 | journal = Transactions of the American Mathematical Society | mr = 994161 | pages = 1–56 | title = Hyperbolic invariants of knots and links | volume = 326 | year = 1991| doi-access = free

::data[format=table]

Knot/link	Volume	Reference
Figure-eight knot	\textstyle -6 \int_0^{\pi/3}{\log{	2\sin\theta
Three-twist knot	2.82812
Stevedore knot	3.16396
62 knot	4.40083
Endless knot	5.13794
Perko pair	5.63877
63 knot	5.69302
Borromean rings	\textstyle -16 \int_0^{\pi/4}{\log{	2\sin\theta
::

Arbitrary manifolds

More generally, the hyperbolic volume may be defined for any hyperbolic 3-manifold. The Weeks manifold has the smallest possible volume of any closed manifold (a manifold that, unlike link complements, has no cusps); its volume is approximately 0.9427.

Thurston and Jørgensen proved that the set of real numbers that are hyperbolic volumes of 3-manifolds is well-ordered, with order type ωω.{{citation | last1 = Neumann | first1 = Walter D. | last2 = Zagier | first2 = Don | doi = 10.1016/0040-9383(85)90004-7 | issue = 3 | journal = Topology | mr = 815482 | pages = 307–332 | title = Volumes of hyperbolic three-manifolds | volume = 24 | year = 1985| doi-access = free | last1 = Cao | first1 = Chun | last2 = Meyerhoff | first2 = G. Robert | doi = 10.1007/s002220100167 | issue = 3 | journal = Inventiones Mathematicae | mr = 1869847 | pages = 451–478 | title = The orientable cusped hyperbolic 3-manifolds of minimum volume | volume = 146 | year = 2001}} and the smallest limit point of limit points is given by the complement of the Whitehead link.{{citation | last = Agol | first = Ian | author-link = Ian Agol | doi = 10.1090/S0002-9939-10-10364-5 | issue = 10 | journal = Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society | mr = 2661571 | pages = 3723–3732 | title = The minimal volume orientable hyperbolic 2-cusped 3-manifolds | volume = 138 | year = 2010| doi-access = free | arxiv = 0804.0043

References

References

1. William Thurston. (March 2002). "The Geometry and Topology of Three-Manifolds".
2. (2009). "Minimum volume cusped hyperbolic three-manifolds". [[Journal of the American Mathematical Society]].

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