Hapa

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Hawaiian term for mixed ethnicity

title: "Hapa" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["asian-american-culture", "ethno-cultural-designations", "hawaiian-words-and-phrases", "multiracial-affairs-in-the-united-states"] description: "Hawaiian term for mixed ethnicity" topic_path: "geography/united-states" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapa" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Hawaiian term for mixed ethnicity ::

::callout[type=note] a term for a person of mixed ethnic heritage ::

Hapa () is a Hawaiian word for someone of multiracial ancestry. In Hawaii, the word refers to any person of mixed ethnic heritage, regardless of the specific mixture. The term is used for any multiracial person of partial East Asian, Southeast Asian, or Pacific Islander mixture in California. In what can be characterized as trans-cultural diffusion or the wave model, this latter usage has also spread to Massachusetts, Ohio, and Oregon. Both uses are concurrent.

Historical and Hawaiian usage

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/'Hapa_Haole'_(No._206)_by_Grace_Hudson,_1901.jpg" caption="''Hapa Haole'' (No. 206) by [[Grace Hudson]], 1901]]The word "hapa" entered the Hawaiian language in the early 1800s, with the arrival of Christian missionaries who instituted a Hawaiian alphabet and developed curriculum for schools. It is a transliteration of the English word "half," but quickly came to mean "part," which could be combined with numbers to form fractions. For example, ''hapalua'' is half, ''hapahā'' is one-fourth, and ''hapanui'' means majority."] ::

In Hawaii, the term can be used in conjunction with other Hawaiian racial and ethnic descriptors to specify a particular racial or ethnic mixture. An example of this is hapa haole (part European/White).

Pukui states that the original meaning of the word haole was "foreigner." Therefore, all non-Hawaiians can be called haole. In practical terms, however, the term is used as a racial description for whites, with the specific exclusion of Portuguese. Portuguese are traditionally considered to be a separate race in Hawaii.

Hapa-haole also is the name of a type of Hawaiian music in which the tune, styling, and/or subject matter is Hawaiian, but the lyrics are partly, mostly, or entirely in English. Many hapa-haole songs had their musical roots in the Western tradition, and the lyrics were in some combination of English and Hawaiian; these songs first gained popularity outside the Territory of Hawaii beginning in 1912–1915, and include titles such as "My Little Grass Shack in Kealakekua" and "Sweet Leilani."

Hapa haole is also used for Hawaiian-language hula songs that are partly in English, thus disqualifying them as "authentic" Hawaiian hula in some venues such as the Merrie Monarch Festival.

Controversy

Some see the use of the term to refer to mixed Asian people without any connections to Hawaii as a misappropriation of Hawaiian culture, but there are kamaāina and Kānaka Maoli who see it as hypocritical to protest anyone using what was originally taken from another culture to begin with.

Still others take a stronger stand in discouraging its usage and misuse as they consider the term to be vulgar and racist.

However, the term, unlike other words referring to mixed-race people, has never been a derogatory term when it is used in its original Hawaiian context, although there is some debate about appropriate usage outside this context. As Wei Ming Dariotis states, Hapa' was chosen because it was the only word we could find that did not really cause us pain. It is not any of the Asian words for mixed Asian people that contain negative connotations either literally (e.g. 'children of the dust,' 'mixed animal') or by association (Eurasian)."

In popular culture

In 2010, a film called One Big Hapa Family was released about Japanese Canadians.

Notes

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References

  1. {{harvnb. Bernstein. De la Cruz. 2009
  2. {{harvnb. Taniguchi. Heidenreich. 2006
  3. "Definition of hapa {{!}} Dictionary.com".
  4. Ho, Jennifer Ann. (2015). "Racial Ambiguity in Asian American Culture". Rutgers University Press.
  5. (2015-05-07). "31 Things All Half-Asians Know To Be True".
  6. Chew, Erin. (2016-03-22). "Are we using the word 'Hapa' in the wrong context?".
  7. Gamble, Adriane E.. (October 2009). "Hapas: Emerging Identity, Emerging Terms and Labels & the Social Construction of Race". Stanford Journal of Asian American Studies.
  8. Niu, Lian. (2022-10-11). "Half Asian People's Association strives to 'connect through the disconnects'". The Daily Free Press.
  9. (2021-01-26). "Half-Asian People's Association : Find a Student Organization : Student Activities".
  10. (2016-08-01). "Hapa, Asian, and Pacific Islander (H.A.P.I.)".
  11. {{harvnb. Bernstein. De la Cruz. 2009
  12. {{harvnb. Ozaki. Johnston. 2009. Taniguchi. Heidenreich. 2006."
  13. "The Hapa Project: How multiracial identity crosses oceans". University of Hawaii at Manoa.
  14. {{harvnb. Taniguchi. Heidenreich. 2006
  15. Downes, Lawrence. (2017-03-11). "In Los Angeles, a Festival of Love and Hapa-ness". The New York Times.
  16. Office of Management and Budget. (30 October 1997). "Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity". [[Office of Management and Budget]].
  17. {{harvnb. Easley. 1995
  18. "Hapa Haole". Merriam-Webster.
  19. (March 1, 1986). "Hawaiian Dictionary". University of Hawaii Press.
  20. Judd, Gerrit Parmele. (1961). "Hawaii : an informal history". Collier-Macmillan.
  21. (2012). "Hawaiian Music & Musicians". Mutual Publishing, LLC.
  22. Haas, Michael. (2011). "Barack Obama, the Aloha Zen President: How a Son of the 50th State May Revitalize America Based on 12 Multicultural Principles". Praeger.
  23. Shepherd, John. (2003). "Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World". Bloomsbury Academic.
  24. {{harvnb. Taniguchi. Heidenreich. 2006
  25. (2015). "Being Japanese American". Stone Bridge Press.
  26. (2010-11-14). "2010 Festival Award Winners". Reel Asian International Film Festival.

::callout[type=info title="Wikipedia Source"] This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page. ::

asian-american-cultureethno-cultural-designationshawaiian-words-and-phrasesmultiracial-affairs-in-the-united-states