GSAT

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Series of Indian communications satellites

title: "GSAT" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["gsat-satellites", "insat-satellites", "isro-satellites", "isro-programmes", "communications-satellites-of-india", "communications-satellite-constellations"] description: "Series of Indian communications satellites" topic_path: "geography/india" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSAT" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Series of Indian communications satellites ::

::data[format=table title="Infobox spacecraft class"]

Field	Value
name	GSAT
image	GSAT-7A in delpoyed configuration.png
caption	The GSAT-7A, a military communications satellite, in deployed configuration
manufacturer	ISRO
country	India
applications	Communications
orbits	Geostationary orbit
operator	INSAT
derivatives
Preceded
Succeeded
status	In service
built	27
orders	6
launched	27
operational	20
retired	3
failed	3
lost	1
first	GSAT-1 (GramSat-1) 18 April 2001
last	GSAT-7R (CMS-03) 2 November 2025
::

::callout[type=note] the Indian telecommunications and broadcasting satellites ::

| status = In service | built = 27 | orders = 6 | launched = 27 | operational = 20 | retired = 3 | failed = 3 | lost = 1 | first = GSAT-1 (GramSat-1) 18 April 2001 | last = GSAT-7R (CMS-03) 2 November 2025 The GSAT (Geosynchronous Satellite) series is a family of Indian communications satellites, indigenously developed and operated by the ISRO. The prorgamme was initiated in the early 2000s to create indigenous, multi-purpose, geostationary spacecrafts capable of supporting India's growing needs in telecommunications, broadcasting, broadband, emergency management, reconnaissance and navigation. The programme was supported by the development of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle.

GSAT satellites include a total of 168 transponders (out of which 95 are leased out to provide services to broadcasters), and operate primarily in C, Extended C, Ku, Ka, S and L bands, with payload configurations tailored for civilian, commercial, and strategic needs. The development of both GSAT satellites and the GSLV launch system represents India's transition from dependence on foreign-built INSAT spacecraft to self-reliant national communications capability. As of 21 November 2025, 27 GSAT satellites manufactured by ISRO have been launched, out of which 20 are in service and six more being planned.

History

The GSAT programme began as part of ISRO's efforts to supplement the aging Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) fleet and reduce reliance on leased transponders from foreign satellites. Early missions of GSAT-1 (2001) and GSAT-2 (2003) were launched to test indigenous bus designs, power systems and communication payloads.

Between 2004 and 2020, ISRO launchd numerious GSAT satellites with varied roles including direct-to-home broadcasting support, tele-education and tele-medicine, high-throughput broadband, navigation augmentation for aviation, dedicated military communication.

Recent missions focus on high-bandwidth Ka band systems, secure strategic communication and navigation augmentation under GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation (GAGAN). Several satellites use advanced I-2K, I-3K and 1-6K satellite bus platforms designed for long life and high payload capacity.

Launched

The following is a list of launched GSAT satellites and their status. As of 2025, there were 27 GSAT launches with 20 of them being operational. ::data[format=table title="Launched GSAT satellites"] | GSAT series | INSAT Series | Other name(s) | COSPAR ID | Launch date and time, UTC | Launch vehicle | Lift-off mass | Orbital parameters | Outcome | Purpose | Longitude | Inclination | GSAT-1 | rowspan=2 scope="row" | GSAT-2 | rowspan=2 scope="row" | GSAT-3 | rowspan=2 scope="row" | GSAT-4 | rowspan=2 scope="row" | GSAT-5P | rowspan=2 colspan=2 scope="row" | GSAT-6 | INSAT-4E | rowspan=2 scope="row" | GSAT-6A | rowspan=2 colspan=2 scope="row" | GSAT-7 | INSAT-4F | GSAT-7A | rowspan=2 scope="row" | GSAT-7R | rowspan=2 scope="row" | GSAT-8 | INSAT-4G | GSAT-9 | rowspan=2 scope="row" | GSAT-10 | rowspan=2 colspan=2 scope="row" | GSAT-11 | rowspan=2 colspan=2 scope="row" | GSAT-12 | rowspan=2 scope="row" | GSAT-12R | rowspan=2 scope="row" | GSAT-14 | rowspan=2 colspan=2 scope="row" | GSAT-15 | rowspan=2 colspan=2 scope="row" | GSAT-16 | rowspan=2 colspan=2 scope="row" | GSAT-17 | rowspan=2 colspan=2 scope="row" | GSAT-18 | rowspan=2 colspan=2 scope="row" | GSAT-19 | rowspan=2 colspan=2 scope="row" | GSAT-20 | rowspan=2 scope="row" | GSAT-24 | rowspan=2 scope="row" | GSAT-29 | rowspan=2 colspan=2 scope="row" | GSAT-30 | rowspan=2 colspan=2 scope="row" | GSAT-31 | rowspan=2 colspan=2 scope="row" | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | GramSat-1 | 2001-015A | , 10:13:00 | IND GSLV Mk-I D2 | 1540 kg | 76.85° West (2006–2009) | 0.9° | | Experimental | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Launch placed it into lower than planned orbit, which prevented it from fulfilling its primary communications mission. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GramSat-2 | 2003-018A | , 11:28:00 | IND GSLV Mk-I D3 | 1825 kg | 47.95° East | 2.43° | | Experimental | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Second experimental attempt. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EduSat | 2004-036A | , 10:31:00 | IND GSLV Mk-I F01 | 1950 kg | 74° East | 2.71° | | Educational | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Mainly intended to meet the demand for an interactive satellite-based distance education system for the country. Decommissioned on 30 September 2010 after six years of operation. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HealthSat | | , 10:57:00 | IND GSLV Mk-II D3 | 2220 kg | 82° East | | | Communication and Navigation | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Failed to reach orbit due to malfunction of the Fuel Booster Turbo Pump (FBTP) of the cryogenic upper stage. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | , 10:34:00 | IND GSLV Mk-I F06 | 2310 kg | 55° East | | | Replacement of INSAT-3E | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rebuilt from GSAT-5 (INSAT-4D) Vehicle was destroyed by range safety officer after loss of control over liquid-fueled boosters. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2015-041A | , 11:22:00 | IND GSLV Mk-II D6 | 2132 kg | 83° East | 1.4° | | Multimedia | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A multimedia mobile satellite system; offers a Satellite Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (S-DMB) service, via mobile phones and mobile video/audio receivers for vehicles; can also be utilized for strategic and social applications. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2018-027A | , 11:26:00 | IND GSLV Mk-II F08 | 2140 kg | 83° East | 2.8° | | Communication | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Communication with the satellite was lost after the second orbit raising manoeuvre. Efforts are on to re-establish link but at this point it remains incommunicado. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rukmini | 2013-044B | , 20:30:00 | FRA Ariane 5 ECA VA-215 | 2650 kg | 74° East | 0.06° | | Military | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | According to defense experts, it was built to enable the Indian Navy to acquire blue water capabilities and remove dependence on foreign satellites like Inmarsat, which provide communication services to its ships. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Angry Bird | 2018-105A | , 10:40:00 | IND GSLV Mk-II F11 | 2250 kg | 63° East | 0.0° | | Military | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Advanced military communications satellite meant exclusively for the Indian Air Force. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CMS-03 | 2025-249B | , 11:56:00 | IND LVM3 M5 | 4410 kg | 93.5° East | 0.2° | | Military | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Replacement for GSAT-7 Rukmini for Indian Navy. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GramSat-8 | 2011-022A | , 20:38:00 | FRA Ariane 5 ECA VA-202 | 3093 kg | 55° East | 1.6° | | Navigation | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | To augment the capacity in the INSAT system; the GAGAN payload provides the Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS), through which the accuracy of the positioning information obtained from the IRNSS (NAVIC) satellites is improved by a network of ground-based receivers and made available to users in the country through the geostationary satellites. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | South Asia Satellite | 2017-024A | , 11:27:00 | IND GSLV MK-II F09 | 2330 kg | 48° East | 0.0413° | | Navigation | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Carried GAGAN navigation payload, a regional IRNSS (NAVIC) navigational system developed by India, that provides navigational services to the security forces and air traffic control organizations. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2012-051B | | FRA Ariane 5 ECA VA-209 | 3435 kg | 83° East | 0.1° | | Navigation | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | To augment telecommunication, direct-to-home and radio navigation services. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2018-100B | , 20:37:00 | FRA Ariane 5 ECA VA-246 | 5854 kg | 74° East | 0.0° | | Telecom | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Aimed at providing advanced telecom and direct-to-home services in the country. Heaviest satellite built by India at the time. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GramSat-12 | 2018-100B | | FRA Ariane 5 ECA VA-246 | 5854 kg | 74° East | 0.0° | | Multipurpose | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Replacement of the INSAT-3B; provided services like tele-education, telemedicine, disaster management support and satellite internet access. Only GSAT satellite to be launched by PSLV. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CMS-01 | 2020-099A | , 11:18:00 | IND PSLV-XL C50 | 1425 kg | 83° East | 0.1° | | Multipurpose | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Replacement of GSAT-12. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2014-001A | , 10:48:00 | IND GSLV Mk-II D5 | 1982 kg | 75° East | 0.1° | | Communications | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Replacement of GSAT-3. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2015-065A | , 21:34:07 | FRA Ariane 5 ECA VA-227 | 3100 kg | 93.5° East | 0.0728° | | Communications | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Similar to GSAT-10 satellite; to augment the capacity of transponders to provide more bandwidth for direct-to-home television and VSAT services. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2014-078A | , 20:40:00 | FRA Ariane 5 ECA VA-221 | 3150 kg | 55° East | 0.0° | | Communications | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The communication payloads provide a combination of total 48 transponders across the three frequency bands (24 in Normal C band, 12 in Extended-C band and 12 in Ku-band) along with a Ku-band beacon transmitter, which is the highest for an Indian satellite. The spacecraft will be co-located with GSAT-8 at 55° East. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2017-040B | , 21:15:00 | FRA Ariane 5 ECA VA-238 | 3477 kg | 93.5° East | 0.0° | | Communications | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Payload includes 24 C-band, 2 lower C-band, 12 upper C-band, 2 CxS (C-band up/S-band down), and 1 SxC (S-band up/C-band down) transponders as well as a dedicated transponder for data relay (DRT) and search-and-rescue (SAR) services. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2016-060A | , 20:30:00 | FRA Ariane 5 ECA VA-231 | 3404 kg | 74° East | 0.1° | | Communications | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | To provide services in Normal C-band, Upper Extended C-band and Ku bands of the frequency spectrum. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2017-031A | , 11:58:00 | IND LVM3 D1 | 3136 kg | 48° East | 0.101° | | Communications | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rather than traditional transponders, GSAT-19 carries four Ku/Ka-band forward link beams and four Ku/Ka-band return link beams, providing much higher data throughput than India's previous communications satellites. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GSAT-N2 | 2024-214A | , 18:30:00 | USA Falcon 9 Block 5 F9-398 | 5300 kg | 55° East | 0.101° | | Communications | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Entire capacity of the satellite leased to Dish TV. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GSAT-N1 | 2022-067A | , 21:50:00 | FRA Ariane 5 ECA VA-257 | 4181 kg | 48° East | TBD | | Communications | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The entire capacity onboard GSAT-N1 satellite would be leased to Tata Play. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2018-089A | , 11:38:00 | IND LVM3 D2 | 3423 kg | 55° East | 0.0° | | Communications | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The mission aims at providing high-speed bandwidth to Village Resource Centres (VRC) in rural areas. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2020-005A | , 21:05:00 | FRA Ariane 5 ECA VA-251 | 3547 kg | 83° East | 0.0° | | Communications | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Replacement satellite for INSAT-4A. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2019-007B | | FRA Ariane 5 ECA VA-251 | 2536 kg | 48° East | 0.1° | | Telecom | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | This is the 40th communication satellite launched by ISRO. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ::

Planned

The following is a list of six planned GSAT launches. ::data[format=table title="Planned GSAT Satellites"]

GSAT series	INSAT Series	Other name(s)	Launch date	Launch vehicle	Lift-off mass
2020s	IND GSLV Mk-II	TBD		Military
Military communication satellite for Indian Army.
2020s	IND GSLV Mk-II	TBD		Military
Military communication satellite for Indian Air Force.
2020s	IND GSLV Mk-II	TBD		Military
Military communication satellite for Indian Air Force
2020s	IND LVM3	TBD		Communcation
Communcation satellite.
2020s	IND LVM3	TBD		TBD

GSAT-N3	Q2 2026	IND LVM3	4,500 kg		Communication
Replacement of GSAT-6A.
::

Statistics

By year

| height = 300 | width = 850 | stack = 1 | group 1 = 0:0:1:1:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:1:1:2:2:1:3:4:1:2:0:1:0:1:1:0:0:0:0 | group 2 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 3 = 1:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:2:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 | group 4 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:0:0:0 | colors = ForestGreen : Orange : FireBrick: LightBlue | group names = Success : Partial failure : Failure : Planned | x legends = 2001 :::: 2005 ::::: 2010 :::: 2015 ::::: 2020 ::::: 2025 ::::: 2030 | y tick marks = 5

By rocket

By country

| radius = 90 | legend = false | thumb = left | [ {"value":140, "color":"#ff9933", "label": "India: 14 (51.85%)"}, {"value":120, "color":"#318ce7", "label": "France: 12 (44.44%)"}, {"value":30, "color":"#484785", "label": "United States: 1 (3.71%)"}, ]

::data[format=table] | Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | || style="text-align:left;" | | || style="text-align:left;" | | || style="text-align:left;" | | Total || || || || | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | 12 | 12 | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | 14 | 10 | 3 | 1 | | | | | | | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | | | | | | ::

References

;Notes ;References

References

"ISRO GeoStationary Satellites".
. (16 August 2013). ["GSAT 1"](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2001-015A). *NASA*.
. (16 August 2013). ["GSAT 2"](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2003-018A). *NASA*.
. (29 March 2017). ["GSat 5 (Insat 4D)"](http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/gsat-5.htm). *Gunter's Space Page*.
"The second orbit raising operation of GSAT-6A satellite has been successfully carried out by LAM Engine firing for about 53 minutes on March 31, 2018 in the morning. - ISRO".
. (16 August 2013). ["GSAT 7"](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2013-044B). *NASA*.
(18 July 2019). "Navy to buy Rs 1,589 crore satellite from ISRO". Economic Times.
. (16 August 2013). ["GSAT 8"](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2011-022A). *NASA*.
. (16 August 2013). ["GSAT 10"](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2012-051B). *NASA*.
. (16 August 2013). ["GSAT 12"](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2011-034A). *NASA*.
"Ariane 5 delivers DIRECTV-14 and GSAT-16 to orbit on Arianespace's latest mission success".
(December 2015). "Annual Report 2015-2016". Indian Space Research Organisation.
(2016-10-06). "GSAT-18 launched successfully on board Ariane-5 from Kourou in French Guiana".
(5 June 2017). "Now, ISRO successfully puts GSAT-19 satellite in orbit with GSLV Mk-III". The New Indian Express.
"SpaceX launches communications satellite for India".
"SpaceX launches India’s GSAT-N2 satellite on Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral – Spaceflight Now".
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(24 November 2021). "Defence ministry clears proposal for GSAT-7C satellite for IAF: A look at other military satellites in India". Firstpost.
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