Friedrich Paneth
Austrian-born British chemist (1887–1958)
title: "Friedrich Paneth" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["1887-births", "1958-deaths", "burials-at-döbling-cemetery", "jewish-scientists", "academics-of-durham-university", "academics-of-imperial-college-london", "scientists-from-vienna", "austrian-refugees", "jewish-emigrants-from-nazi-germany-to-the-united-kingdom", "emigrants-from-nazi-germany-to-the-united-kingdom", "manhattan-project-people", "academic-staff-of-the-university-of-königsberg", "max-planck-institute-directors", "photography", "british-fellows-of-the-royal-society"] description: "Austrian-born British chemist (1887–1958)" topic_path: "arts" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Paneth" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0
::summary Austrian-born British chemist (1887–1958) ::
::data[format=table title="Infobox scientist"]
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| name | Friedrich Adolf Paneth |
| image | |
| birth_date | |
| birth_place | Vienna, Austria-Hungary |
| residence | |
| death_date | |
| death_place | Mainz, West Germany |
| field | Inorganic chemistry |
| work_institution | |
| education | University of Vienna (PhD 1910) |
| doctoral_advisor | Zdenko Hans Skraup |
| known_for | |
| prizes | Lieben Prize (1916) |
| Liversidge Award (1936) | |
| Liebig Medal (1957) | |
| :: |
| name = Friedrich Adolf Paneth | image = | image_size = | caption = | birth_date = | birth_place = Vienna, Austria-Hungary | residence = | nationality = | death_date = | death_place = Mainz, West Germany | field = Inorganic chemistry | work_institution = | education = University of Vienna (PhD 1910) | doctoral_advisor = Zdenko Hans Skraup | doctoral_students = | known_for = | prizes = Lieben Prize (1916) Liversidge Award (1936) Liebig Medal (1957) | footnotes =
Friedrich Adolf Paneth (31 August 1887 – 17 September 1958) was an Austrian-born British chemist. Fleeing the Nazis, he escaped to Britain. He became a naturalized British citizen in 1939. After the war, Paneth returned to Germany to become director of the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in 1953. He was considered the greatest authority of his time on volatile hydrides; he also made important contributions to the study of the stratosphere.{{cite journal | title = Friedrich Adolf Paneth. 1887–1958 | author = Harry Julius Emeléus | journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society | volume = 6 | issue = | pages = 226–246 | year = 1960 | doi =10.1098/rsbm.1960.0034 | last2 = Emeleus | first2 = H. J. | jstor=769343 | doi-access = free
Paneth's conception of ″chemical element″ functions as the official definition adopted by the IUPAC.
Biography
Friedrich (Fritz) Paneth was born as son of the physiologist Joseph Paneth. He and his three brothers were brought up in Protestant faith although both parents were of Jewish descent. He was educated at the Schottengymnasium a renowned school in Vienna. He studied chemistry at the University of Vienna and after working with Adolf von Baeyer at the University of Munich he received his PhD with Zdenko Hans Skraup at the organic chemistry department of the University of Vienna in 1910.
He abandoned organic chemistry and in 1912 joined the Institute for Radium Research, Vienna radiochemistry group of Stefan Meyer. In 1913 he visited Frederick Soddy at the University of Glasgow and Ernest Rutherford at the University of Manchester. In this year he married Else Hartmann; they had a son and daughter. After his habilitation in 1913 he became assistant of Otto Hönigschmid at the University of Prague. From 1919 till 1933 he was professor in various German universities:(University of Hamburg 1919, Berlin University 1922, Königsberg University 1929.
In 1927, Paneth and Kurt Peters published his results on the transformation of hydrogen to helium, now known as cold fusion.{{cite journal | title = Über die Verwandlung von Wasserstoff in Helium | author = Fritz Paneth and Kurt Peters | journal = Naturwissenschaften | volume = 14 | issue = 43 | pages = 956–962 | year = 1926 | doi = 10.1007/BF01579126 | bibcode=1926NW.....14..956P| s2cid = 43265081 |doi = 10.1038/119706a0|bibcode = 1927Natur.119..706P | title=The Transmutation of Hydrogen into Helium | journal=Nature |date=1927 |volume=119 |issue=3002 |pages=706–707 |first=FRITZ |last=PANETH|s2cid = 4071871 }}{{Cite journal |author=U.S. Department of Energy |ref=CITEREFDOE1989 |title=A Report of the Energy Research Advisory Board to the United States Department of Energy |year=1989 |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy |location=Washington, DC |url=http://www.ncas.org/erab/ |accessdate=2008-05-25
During Hitler's Machtergreifung in 1933 he was on a lecture tour in England and did not return to Germany. In 1939 he became professor at the University of Durham where he stayed until his retirement in 1953.
A call to become director at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz caused him to return to Germany. He founded the Department of Cosmochemistry there and initiated research on meteorites. He worked in the Institute until his death in 1958.
Career summary
- Assistant in Institute for Radium Research attached to Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 1912
- Assistant professor, University of Hamburg, 1919
- Head of inorganic department of chemical institute, Berlin University, 1922
- Head of chemical institute, Königsberg University, 1929
- Reader in atomic chemistry, Imperial College London, 1938; among his assistants was Eugen Glueckauf
- Professor of chemistry, University of Durham, 1939
- Head of chemistry division of joint British-Canadian atomic energy team in Montreal, 1943-5
- Returned to Durham and established Londonderry Laboratory for radio-chemistry, heading it until retirement, 1953
Honours and awards
Paneth received the Lieben Prize (1916), the Liversidge Award (1936), and the Liebig Medal (1957). He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1947.
The mineral panethite is named after him, as is the lunar crater Paneth.
References
References
- https://www.diomedia.com/stock-photo-st-basils-cathedral-moscow-c1920-1930-image5555143.html
- (11 October 2022). "Colour mania: the precious world of the autochrome".
- "Fritz seated on a bench on the banks of the Attersee, Austria | Paneth, Friedrich Adolf | V&A Explore The Collections | Austria, Seated, Bench".
- (2013). "Paneth's epistemology of chemical elements in light of Kant's Opus postumum". Foundations of Chemistry.
- (2019). "The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy". Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
- "Technetium – Periodic Table of Videos".
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