Fork-tailed flycatcher

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Species of bird

title: "Fork-tailed flycatcher" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["tyrannus-(genus)", "birds-of-central-america", "birds-of-south-america", "birds-described-in-1802"] description: "Species of bird" topic_path: "general/tyrannus-genus" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork-tailed_flycatcher" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Species of bird ::

| image = Fork-tailed flycatcher (Tyrannus savana monachus) male Orange Walk.jpg | image_caption = Male T. s. monachus in Belize | image2 = Fork-tailed flycatcher (Tyrannus savana monachus) female.jpg | image2_caption = Female T. s. monachus in Panama | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = | genus = Tyrannus | species = savana | authority = Daudin, 1802 | range_map = Tyrannus savana map.svg | range_map_caption =

The fork-tailed flycatcher (Tyrannus savana) is a passerine bird of the tyrant flycatcher family and is a member of a genus typically referred to as kingbirds. Named for the long, forked tail, particularly in males, fork-tailed flycatchers are seen in shrubland, savanna, lightly forested and grassland areas, from southern Mexico to Argentina. They are frequently observed on conspicuous perches whence they sally after insect prey. Northern populations near southern Mexico tend to be permanent residents, while fork-tailed flycatchers that live further south are migrants with a reputation for wandering as far north as New Brunswick, Canada.

Taxonomy

The fork-tailed flycatcher was described in 1760 by Mathurin Jacques Brisson under the French name "le tyran à queue fourchue" () and then again in 1780 by Georges-Louis Buffon under the name "le savana" (because it lived in savannahs), but it was not until 1802 that François Marie Daudin coined the binomial name Tyrannus savana. The type locality is Suriname.

Four subspecies are recognised:

  • Tyrannus savana monachus Hartlaub, 1844 – southern Mexico to Colombia, the Guianas, and northern Brazil
  • Tyrannus savana sanctaemartae (Zimmer, JT, 1937) – northern Colombia and northwest Venezuela
  • Tyrannus savana circumdatus (Zimmer, JT, 1937) – east-central Brazil
  • Tyrannus savana savana Daudin, 1802 – central, southern South America and the Falkland Islands

Fork-tailed flycatcher (Tyrannus savana savana) Costanera Norte.jpg|T. s. savana Argentina Fork-tailed flycatcher (Tyrannus savana monachus) in flight Cayo 2.jpg|T. s. monachus Belize Fork-tailed flycatcher (Tyrannus savana monachus) in flight Cayo.jpg|T. s. monachus Belize showing fork tail

Description

The fork-tailed flycatcher is white below, gray above, and has a black cap. Males sometimes show a yellow crown stripe. Males also have an extremely long, forked tail, of even greater length than that of the related scissor-tailed flycatcher. Females have a somewhat shorter tail, and it is significantly shorter in juveniles.

Males are 37 – in length; females, 28 –, including tail. They weigh only 28 –, much less than closely related kingbirds, which are half the total length of this species. The tail in adult males is two to three times longer than the length of the bird from the bill to the base of the tail. Generally, males and females of the species look quite similar, but can be distinguished by the longer tail in males.

The nominate subspecies T. s. savana has a darker grey back compared to T. s. monachus and T. s. sanctaemartae, which have notable light backs that contrast greatly with their black heads. Discrete notches on the primary feathers are also quite handy in identifying subspecies.

Most fork-tailed flycatchers are migratory, but some stay year-round, especially in southern Mexico. Migratory fork-tailed flycatchers tend to have more pointed wings than nonmigratory flycatchers.

Fork-tailed flycatcher (Tyrannus savana savana) young adult Colonia.jpg|immature with shorter tail Fork-tailed flycatcher immature (40013).jpg|immature with shorter tail

Vocalizations

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Tyrannus_savana_-_Fork-tailed_Flycatcher_XC112746.mp3" caption="Fork-tailed flycatcher call in Argentina"] ::

Fork-tailed flycatchers produce both vocal and nonvocal sounds. In general, they have a dry, buzzy call, and a weak "tic-note" while in flight.

Their wings have been observed to make a distinct whistling note while flying overhead. Research has uncovered differences in the pitch of whistling noises by different subspecies of T. savana. This has supported a hypothesis that fork-tailed flycatchers are splitting into two species, as the nonmigratory birds have a much-lower-pitched whistling note than the migrators. This becomes another observed difference amongst others (e.g. wing shape) pointing to the two-species conclusion.

During mating displays, the males' wings may also make dry, crackling sounds; further research has investigated the use of these wing noises in potentially startling predators or would-be nest parasites (e.g. shiny cowbird).

Distribution and habitat

Fork-tailed flycatchers are usually found below 1000 m elevation where they occur in a wide variety of habitats including pastures, riparian forests, forest edges, mangroves, and open residential areas with scattered trees. During migration, however, T. savana may be found in an even broader range of habitats.

Its breeding range is from central Mexico to central Argentina. In most of this range, it is usually found year-round, but in the southern parts of its range, it retreats northward for the winter.

During migration, fork-tailed flycatchers are quite gregarious, nesting in flocks of up to 10,000 individuals. This species is known to wander widely. It is spotted almost annually in the eastern United States seaboard and Canada, normally around fall (September–November).

During migration, fork-tailed flycatchers have been observed flying accompanied by relative species such as eastern kingbirds and aggressively chasing off predators.

The nominate subspecies, T. s. savana, is found in central and southern Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina (south to the Río Negro), and overwinters in Amazonia, a large portion of northern South America (i.e., within the Orinoco River Basin), and Trinidad and Tobago, occasionally appearing in the West Indies.

Behavior

Breeding

Males perform aerial courtship displays involving swirling somersaults, twists, and flips, accompanied by buzzing calls to impress female counterparts. Males' long tail feathers are also used to impress potential mates. Breeding seasons are dependent on subspecies and location; breeding season ranges from late summer to mid-winter.

Fork-tailed flycatchers tend to build their cup nests in similar habitats to their hunting grounds (riparian forests, grasslands). They tend to prefer specific trees in specific geographic locations, such as Kielmeyera trees in central Brazil. The clutch is 1–3 eggs.

Diet

This species is primarily insectivorous. Fork-tailed flycatchers sally from their perches to eat flying insects or glean them off of leaves and fruit. When insects become less available in winter months, they have been observed eating fruits.

The fork-tailed flycatcher's long tail allows for quick turns and stops in their pursuit of flying prey. They can reach speeds up to 65 mile/hour.

References

References

  1. BirdLife International. (2016). "''Tyrannus savana''".
  2. Brisson, Mathurin Jacques. (1760). "Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés". Jean-Baptiste Bauche.
  3. Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de. (1780). "Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux". L'Imprimerie Royale.
  4. (2010). "Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names". Bloomsbury.
  5. Richmond, Charles W.. (1799). ["Histoire Naturelle par Buffon Dédiée au citoyen Lacépède, membre de l'Institut National"](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42033477 }} Although the date of 1799 is printed on the title page, this volume was not published until 1802. For a discussion of the date see: {{ cite journal). P. Didot l'ainé et Firmin Didot.
  6. Zimmer, John Todd. (1937). "Studies of Peruvian birds. No. 27, Notes on the genera ''Muscivora'', ''Tyrannus'', ''Empidonomus'', and ''Sirystes'', with further notes on ''Knipolegus''". American Museum of Natural History.
  7. (1979). "Check-List of Birds of the World". Museum of Comparative Zoology.
  8. (July 2020). "Tyrant flycatchers". International Ornithologists' Union.
  9. Roche, John P. (September 2005). "''Handbook of the Birds of the World''. Volume 9: Cotingas to Pipits and Wagtails. Edited by Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott, and David Christie. Barcelona (Spain): Lynx Edicions. $195.00. 863 p; ill.; index. {{text". The Quarterly Review of Biology.
  10. Lloyd-Evans, Trevor L.. (November 2009). "Identification Guide to North American Birds, Part II.— Peter Pyle . 2008. Slate Creek Press, Point Reyes Station, CA.". The Condor.
  11. (August 2018). "Drivers of wing shape in a widespread Neotropical bird: a dual role of sex-specific and migration-related functions". Evolutionary Ecology.
  12. Rosenberg, Gary H.. (July 2010). "Field Guide to the Songbirds of South America.— Robert S. Ridgely and Guy Tudor . 2009. University of Texas Press, Austin. ISBN 9780292717480". Auk.
  13. (2020-08-10). "Sonations in Migratory and Non-migratory Fork-tailed Flycatchers (Tyrannus savana)". Integrative and Comparative Biology.
  14. (February 1999). "Molecular Phylogeny and Evolutionary History of the Tit-Tyrants (Aves: Tyrannidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.
  15. Jahn & Tuero, A, D.. (March 4, 2020). "fork-tailed flycatcher".
  16. (2020-03-04). "Fork-tailed Flycatcher (Tyrannus savana)". Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
  17. Guic, Laura. (2019-09-20). "Ramos Mejía y las multitudes argentinas: una intervención política en Buenos Aires, hacia fines del SXIX". Universidad Nacional de Lanús. Maestría en Metodología de la Investigación Científica.
  18. Rosenberg, Gary H.. (July 2010). "Field Guide to the Songbirds of South America.— Robert S. Ridgely and Guy Tudor . 2009. University of Texas Press, Austin. 760 pp., 121 color plates, 135 pages of range maps and country maps. {{text". Auk.
  19. (2009). "Biologia reprodutiva de ''Tyrannus savana'' (Aves, Tyrannidae) em cerrado do Brasil Central". Biota Neotropica.
  20. (2016-04-12). "Demographic variation in timing and intensity of feather molt in migratory Fork-tailed Flycatchers (Tyrannus s. savana)". Journal of Field Ornithology.

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