Enterographa

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Genus of lichen-forming fungi

title: "Enterographa" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["roccellaceae", "arthoniomycetes-genera", "lichen-genera", "taxa-described-in-1825", "taxa-named-by-antoine-laurent-apollinaire-fée"] description: "Genus of lichen-forming fungi" topic_path: "general/roccellaceae" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterographa" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0

::summary Genus of lichen-forming fungi ::

| image = Enterographa anguinella 457071.jpg | image_caption = Enterographa anguinella growing on twig of Quercus virginiana | taxon = Enterographa | authority = Fée (1825) | type_species = Enterographa crassa | type_species_authority = (DC.) Fée (1825) | synonyms_ref = | synonyms =

  • Arthonaria
  • Stigmatidium
  • Platygramma
  • Chiodectonomyces

Enterographa is a genus of lichens in the family Roccellaceae. These lichens grow as thin, paint-like crusts on tree bark that range in colour from off-white and pale grey to dark olive-green or brown, sometimes breaking into networks of tiny, flat blocks. They reproduce through tiny slits or dots embedded in the crust that contain spindle-shaped spores divided into multiple cells, distinguishing them from other similar-looking bark lichens.

Description

Enterographa species grow as thin, paint-like crusts that either lie smoothly on the bark or break into a network of tiny, flat blocks (). Colours range from off-white and pale grey to dark olive-green or brown, and neighbouring colonies often form mosaic patterns separated by a narrow, grey-to-black —the band of purely fungal tissue at the thallus edge. Because the crust is not layered, the algal partner (Trentepohlia) sits directly beneath the surface and lends a faint orange hue where the thallus is scratched. A few species are lichenicolous, living on other lichens; in these the parasite produces only its reproductive bodies and lacks a thallus of its own. Thin-layer chromatography shows a variable secondary chemistry: some taxa contain acids such as confluentic, gyrophoric, protocetraric or psoromic, while others appear chemically inert.

The sexual fruit bodies are tiny slits or dots immersed in the crust. They range from pin-prick pores to short, narrow that can be straight, gently curved or, rarely, star-shaped. Their exposed are flat and brown-to-black, never dusted with the pale frosting () seen in certain related genera. The surrounding wall () remains thin and stays buried in the thallus, so only the opening is usually visible from above. Inside, the spore layer (hymenium) is threaded by very slender filaments (paraphyses) that branch and fuse near the top but lack the swollen tips typical of many other crustose lichens. Each ascus is long and narrow, splitting open to release either four or eight spindle-shaped ascospores. A microscopy stain with iodine picks out a tiny, dark blue ring around the at the ascus apex, while the rest of the apex often turns pale blue. The spores are colourless, multi-celled (three to sixteen internal walls) and gently tapered at both ends.

Asexual reproduction occurs in microscopic, flask-shaped pycnidia embedded in the crust; these appear as minute, pale-brown specks. Inside, cylindrical conidiogenous cells bud off colourless, rod-shaped conidia that escape through a small pore and help the fungus spread independently of its algal partner. Together, the combination of an immersed thallus lacking a cortex, slit-like apothecia with an inconspicuous wall, very thin paraphyses, iodine-reactive asci and multi-septate spores distinguishes Enterographa from superficially similar crusts on tropical and temperate bark.

Species

::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Enterographa_bella_29457380.jpg" caption="''Enterographa bella''"] ::

, Species Fungorum (via the Catalogue of Life) accepts 78 species of Enterographa.

References

Cited literature

References

  1. (1994). "Lichens and lichenicolous fungi of Laing Island (Papua New Guinea)". Bibliotheca Lichenologica.
  2. (2013). "Two new species of Roccellaceae (Ascomycota: Arthoniales) from Brazil, with the description of the new genus ''Sergipea''". The Lichenologist.
  3. (2018). "New species and new records of lichens from inselbergs and surrounding Atlantic rain forest in the Chapada Diamantina (Bahia, Brazil)". Herzogia.
  4. (2007). "Corticolous crustose and microfoliose lichens of northeastern Brazil". Libri Botanici.
  5. (2023). "Arthoniales: Roccellaceae [revision 1], including the genera ''Cresponea'', ''Dendrographa'', ''Dirina'', ''Enterographa'', ''Gyrographa'', ''Lecanactis'', ''Ocellomma'', ''Pseudoschismatomma'', ''Psoronactis'', ''Roccella'', ''Schismatomma'' and ''Syncesia''".
  6. "''Enterographa''".
  7. (1979). "New or Interesting British Lichens III". The Lichenologist.
  8. (2017). "Lichens from the Brazilian Amazon, with special reference to the genus ''Astrothelium''". The Bryologist.
  9. (2005). "A world monograph of the genus ''Plectocarpon'' (Roccellaceae, Arthoniales)". Bibliotheca Lichenologica.
  10. Ertz, Damien. (2009). "A new species of ''Enterographa'', ''E. diederichiana'' (Roccellaceae), from Zambia". The Bryologist.
  11. (2014). "A large-scale phylogenetic revision of Roccellaceae (Arthoniales) reveals eight new genera". Fungal Diversity.
  12. (2017). "Hongos liquenícolas de Ecuador". Opera Lilloana.
  13. Fée, A.L.A.. (1824). "Essai sur les cryptogames des écorces exotiques officinales".
  14. (2009). "A new foliicolous lichen ''Enterographa hainanensis''". Mycosystema.
  15. (2002). "The foliicolous lichen flora of Mexico. I. New or otherwise interesting species from Los Tuxtlas Tropical Biology Station, Veracruz". The Lichenologist.
  16. (2008). "New species and new records of ''Enterographa'' (Roccellaceae) from India". The Lichenologist.
  17. Jagadeesh Ram, T.A.M.. (2016). "Additional new species in Roccellaceae s.l. from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India". Phytotaxa.
  18. Kalb, K.. (2001). "Lichenes Neotropici". Lichenes Neotropici.
  19. (2020). "New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi, 11". Acta Botanica Hungarica.
  20. (2020). "''Enterographa serusiauxii'', a new foliicolous lichen species from Guadeloupe". Plant and Fungal Systematics.
  21. (2023). "''Enterographa ducouretiana'' sp. nov. (lichenized Ascomycota, Roccellaceae), a new foliicolous species from New Caledonia". Phytotaxa.
  22. (1998). "A revision of the names of foliicolous lichenized fungi published by Batista and co-Workers between 1960 and 1975". The Lichenologist.
  23. Lücking, R.. (1991). "Neue Arten foliikoler Flechten aus Costa Rica, Zentralamerika". Nova Hedwigia.
  24. (2003). "Foliicolous lichens from Valdivian temperate rainforest of Chile and Argentina: evidence of an austral element, with the description of seven new taxa". Global Ecology and Biogeography.
  25. (2016). "Five new lichen species (Ascomycota) from south-eastern Australia". Telopea.
  26. (2018). "A new species of ''Enterographa'' (lichenized Ascomycota, Roccellaceae) from Lord Howe Island, Australia". Australasian Lichenology.
  27. Morse, C.A.. (2013). "A new lichenicolous ''Enterographa'' (Arthoniales, Roccellaceae) from central North America". Opuscula Philolichenum.
  28. Redinger, K.M.. (1938). "Restitution und kritische Revision der Flechtengattungen ''Enterographa'' Fée und ''Sclerophyton'' Eschw.". Feddes Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis.
  29. Santesson, R.. (1952). "Foliicolous Lichens: A Revision of the Taxonomy of the Obligately Foliicolous, Lichenized Fungi, Volume 1". Lundequistska bokhandeln.
  30. (2014). "New additions to the lichen genus ''Enterographa'' (Roccellaceae) from Everglades National Park including an updated world key". The Lichenologist.
  31. (2017). "The lichens of Dagny Johnson Key Largo Hammock Botanical State Park, Key Largo, Florida, USA". Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History.
  32. Sérusiaux, E.. (1984). "New species or interesting records of foliicolous lichens". Mycotaxon.
  33. Sipman, H.J.M.. (2016). "Foliicolous lichens from Suriname and Guyana: new records and three new species". Folia Cryptogamica Estonica.
  34. (2007). "A new lichenicolous ''Enterographa'' species from Britanny (France)". The Lichenologist.
  35. (2008). "''Enterographa oregonensis'' (Roccellaceae), a new foliicolous species from the Northwest coast of North America". The Bryologist.
  36. Sparrius, L.B.. (2009). "Checklist of lichens for the Seychelles group". Bibliotheca Lichenologica.
  37. (2020). "New species of ''Enterographa'' and ''Fulvophyton'' from Malaysia and Mexico". Plant and Fungal Systematics.
  38. "Synonymy: ''Enterographa'' Fée". Species Fungorum. CAB International.
  39. (2018). "''Enterographa confusa'' sp. nov. (Roccellaceae, Arthoniales) discovered by chance in type material of its host lichen ''Arthonia ochraceella'', described more than a century ago". Phytotaxa.
  40. (2016). "Eight new lichen species and 88 new records from Sri Lanka". The Bryologist.
  41. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere.
  42. (2009). "Two new foliicolous species of ''Enterographa'' (Roccellaceae) from Kenya". The Lichenologist.

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roccellaceaearthoniomycetes-generalichen-generataxa-described-in-1825taxa-named-by-antoine-laurent-apollinaire-fée